{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T08:28:10Z","timestamp":1774600090273,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ongoing rises in obesity prevalence have prompted growing concerns about potential increases in the burden of age\u2010related musculoskeletal conditions including sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. This is of particular concern for future generations of older adults who have lived more of their lives in an obesogenic environment than current generations of older adults. We aimed to study longitudinal associations between body mass index (BMI) and grip strength in midlife using data from a large population\u2010based sample, the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>BCS70 participants with valid measures of maximum grip strength at age 46\u00a0years were included in analyses [3671 males (49%) and 3876 females (51%)]. Using sex\u2010specific linear regression models, we examined associations of (i) BMI at ages 10, 16, 30, and 46\u00a0years; (ii) body fat percentage (BF%) and waist\u2013hip ratio at age 46\u00a0years; (iii) BMI gains between 10\u201316, 16\u201330, and 30\u201346; and (iv) age at onset of obesity, with grip strength.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At age 46\u00a0years, mean (standard deviation) grip strength was 48.10\u00a0kg (8.98) in males and 29.61\u00a0kg (5.81) in females. Higher BMI at all ages was associated with stronger grip, and the scale of associations was greater in males than females from age 16 onwards (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>sex interactions<\/jats:sub>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). For example, in fully adjusted models, a 1 standard deviation increase in BMI at age 16 was associated with mean differences in grip strength at age 46\u00a0years of 1.41\u00a0kg (95% confidence interval: 1.07, 1.75) in males and 0.72\u00a0kg (0.53, 0.91) in females. Higher BF% at age 46 was also associated with stronger grip in both sexes. Greater gains in BMI between ages 10 and 16 were associated with stronger grip in both sexes, but subsequent gains in BMI were only associated with stronger grip in males. Associations of greater length of exposure to obesity and stronger grip were also more consistent among males than females. For example, in fully adjusted models, mean grip strength at age 46\u00a0years of males and females who had been obese since age 10 or 16\u00a0years was 4.39\u00a0kg (1.85, 6.93) and 1.25\u00a0kg (\u22120.18, 2.69) higher than males and females who had never been obese, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher BMI from childhood onwards is associated with stronger grip at age 46\u00a0years. This suggests that, at this age, anabolic effects of fat on muscle are outweighing the catabolic effects thought to lead to the manifestation of sarcopenic obesity later in life, especially among men. Midlife may be an optimal time to intervene to prevent sarcopenic obesity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T05:42:08Z","timestamp":1653025328000},"page":"1995-2004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Lifetime body mass index and grip strength at age 46\u00a0years: the 1970 British Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3370-5720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Cooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1349-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Tomlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8726-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Hamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0876-8757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snehal M.","family":"Pinto Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215142"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12147"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31138-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-019-00174-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00947-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2018.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.6.558"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001828"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2020167118"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1761076"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00272-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq226"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-014-0492-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056483"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-015-9626-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl174"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5255\/UKDA\u2010SN\u20108547\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"1970 British Cohort Study Response and Deaths Data User Guide (Version 5)","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","volume-title":"1970 British Cohort Study\u2014Age 46 Survey User Guide","author":"Brown M","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7244.1240"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","volume-title":"Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic\u2014Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity (Geneva, 3\u20135 June 1997)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.2.224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","volume-title":"The National Statistics Socio\u2010economic Classification: User Manual","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","volume-title":"Harmonised Concepts and Questions for Social Data Sources: Long\u2010lasting Health Conditions and Illnesses; 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