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Muscle mass is maintained by satellite cells, which are regulated by oestrogen. Although oestrogen therapy enhances muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance training in postmenopausal women, the molecular mechanism is unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adult female rats (10\u00a0weeks old) were divided into six groups: sham sedentary (Sham\u2010Sed), sham climbing training (Sham\u2010CT), ovariectomy sedentary (OVX\u2010Sed), ovariectomy climbing training (OVX\u2010CT), ovariectomy plus oestrogen treatment sedentary (OVX+E\u2010Sed), and ovariectomy plus oestrogen treatment climbing training (OVX+E\u2010CT). At 8\u00a0weeks after ovariectomy, rats in the training group were trained (one session every 3\u00a0days for 8\u00a0weeks) to climb a ladder while bearing a load. Oestrogen treatment involved subcutaneous insertion of a 17\u03b2\u2010oestradiol pellet. After 8\u00a0weeks, the flexor hallucis longus muscle was collected and analysed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following climbing training, the flexor hallucis longus muscle mass and muscle\u2010to\u2010body weight ratios were dramatically increased by training (main effect of training, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01); the OVX+E\u2010CT group showed the highest values (main effect of group, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). The cross\u2010sectional area of all muscle fibre types was increased by training (main effect of training, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). Particularly, the cross\u2010sectional area of MHC IIa in the OVX+E\u2010CT group was significantly larger than that in the Sham\u2010CT and OVX\u2010CT groups. Satellite cell numbers were increased in all training groups (main effect of training, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), and the myonuclear number was increased by training (main effect of training, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01), but there was no main group effect. The myonuclear domain size of all muscle fibre types and MHC IIa was increased in all training groups (main effect of training, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) and showed a main group effect (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). The myonuclear domain sizes of all muscle fibre types and MHC IIa in the OVX+E\u2010CT group were significantly larger than those in the Sham\u2010CT and OVX\u2010CT groups. The total RNA contents revealed main effects of training and the group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01); the OVX+E\u2010CT group showed the highest contents (main effect of group, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). The mRNA and protein levels of rpS6 were increased in the OVX+E\u2010Sed and CT groups (main effects of group, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Particularly, the 28S ribosomal RNA content in OVX+E\u2010Sed group was significantly higher than that in the OVX\u2010Sed group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oestrogen enhanced the resistance training\u2010induced increase in myonuclear domain size but did not affect satellite cells and ribosome biogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T05:54:15Z","timestamp":1657605255000},"page":"2525-2536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Influence of oestrogen on satellite cells and myonuclear domain size in skeletal muscles following resistance exercise"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7244-3316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung\u2010Li","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sports &amp; Medicine Juntendo University  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayami","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Regulation of Aging Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Takino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Regulation of Aging Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihito","family":"Ishigami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Regulation of Aging Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuichi","family":"Machida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sports &amp; Medicine Juntendo University  Chiba Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Sports Science Juntendo University  Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-010-0014-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051588"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"186","article-title":"Changes in muscle mass and strength after menopause","volume":"9","author":"Maltais ML","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal 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