{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T01:50:20Z","timestamp":1787104220249,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sarcopenia, defined as loss of skeletal muscle mass, is a novel term associated with adverse outcomes in children. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a safe and precise technique for measuring tissue compartments and is commonly used in most routine paediatric imaging protocols. Currently, there is a lack of MRI\u2010derived normative data which can help in determining the level of sarcopenia. This study aimed to introduce reference values of total psoas muscle area (tPMA), total paraspinal muscle area (tPSMA), and total macroscopic fat infiltrations of the PSMA (tMFI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this retrospective study, the local database was searched for abdominal and pelvic region MRI studies of children aged from 1 to 18\u00a0years (mean age (standard deviation (SD)) of 9.8 (5.5) years) performed in the years 2010\u20132021. Children with chronic diseases and a history of surgical interventions were excluded from the analysis. Finally, a total of 465 healthy children (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0233 girls, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0232 boys) were enrolled in the study. The values of the tPMA, tPMSA, and tMFI were measured in square centimetres (cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) at the level of the L4\/L5 intervertebral disc as the sum of the left and right regions. Age\u2010specific and sex\u2010specific muscle, fat, and body mass index percentile charts were constructed using the LMS method. Inter\u2010observer agreement and intra\u2010observer reproducibility were assessed using the Bland\u2013Altman plots.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both tPMA and tPSMA showed continuous increases in size (in cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) throughout all age groups. At the age of 18, the median tPMA areas reached 26.37\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in girls and 40.43\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in boys. Corresponding tPSMA values were higher, reaching the level of 40.76\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in girls and 56.66\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in boys. The mean value of tMFI within the paraspinal muscles was 5.0% (SD 3.65%) of their total area in girls and 3.5% (SD 2.25%) in boys with the actual difference between sexes up to 0.96\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Excellent intra\u2010observer reproducibility and inter\u2010observer agreement were noted. Actual mean differences for tPMA were at the level of 0.43 and 0.39\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, respectively. Mean bias for tPSMA was 0.1\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for inter\u2010observer and 0.05\u00a0cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for intra\u2010observer measurements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings demonstrate novel and highly reproducible sex\u2010specific MRI\u2010derived reference values of tPMS, tPSMA, and tMFI at the level of the L4\/L5 intervertebral disc for children from 1 to 18\u00a0years old, which may guide a clinician in the assessment of sarcopenia, a prognostic outcome marker in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T07:48:36Z","timestamp":1658216916000},"page":"2515-2524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Reference values for MRI\u2010derived psoas and paraspinal muscles and macroscopic fat infiltrations in paraspinal muscles 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