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Capillary rarefaction may contribute to muscle atrophy and the reduction in oxidative capacity during bed rest. Artificial gravity may attenuate the negative effects of long\u2010term space missions or bed rest.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The aim of the present study was to assess (1) the effects of bed rest on muscle fibre size, fibre type composition, capillarization and oxidative capacity in the vastus lateralis and soleus muscles after 6 and 55\u00a0days of bed rest and (2) the effectiveness of artificial gravity in mitigating bed\u2010rest\u2010induced detriments to these parameters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nineteen participants were assigned to a control group (control, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06) or an intervention group undergoing 30\u00a0min of centrifugation (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a013). All underwent 55\u00a0days of head\u2010down tilt bed rest. Vastus lateralis and soleus biopsies were taken at baseline and after 6 and 55\u00a0days of bed rest. Fibre type composition, fibre cross\u2010sectional area, capillarization indices and oxidative capacity were determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After just 6\u00a0days of bed rest, fibre atrophy (\u221223.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012.4%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and reductions in capillary\u2010to\u2010fibre ratio (C:F; 1.97\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.57 <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 1.56\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.41, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) were proportional in both muscles as reflected by a maintained capillary density. Fibre atrophy proceeded at a much slower rate between 6 and 55\u00a0days of bed rest (\u221211.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012.1% of 6\u00a0days, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.032) and was accompanied by a 19.1% reduction in succinate dehydrogenase stain optical density (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), without any further significant decrements in C:F (1.56\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.41 vs. 1.49\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.37, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.459). Consequently, after 55\u00a0days of bed rest, the capillary supply\u2013oxidative capacity ratio of a fibre had increased by 41.9% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), indicating a capillarization in relative excess of oxidative capacity. Even though the heterogeneity of capillary spacing (Log<jats:sub>R<\/jats:sub>SD) was increased after 55\u00a0days by 12.7% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004), tissue oxygenation at maximal oxygen consumption of the fibres was improved after 55\u00a0days bed rest. Daily centrifugation failed to blunt the bed\u2010rest\u2010induced reductions in fibre size and oxidative capacity and capillary rarefaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relationship between fibre size and oxidative capacity with the capillary supply of a fibre is uncoupled during prolonged bed rest as reflected by a rapid loss of muscle mass and capillaries, followed at later stages by a more than proportional loss of mitochondria without further capillary loss. The resulting excessive capillary supply of the muscle after prolonged bed rest is advantageous for the delivery of substrates needed for subsequent muscle recovery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T02:56:16Z","timestamp":1663124176000},"page":"2712-2723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Capillary rarefaction during bed rest is proportionally less than fibre atrophy and loss of oxidative capacity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2769-7816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul William","family":"Hendrickse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science &amp; Sports Medicine, Department of Life Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob C.I.","family":"W\u00fcst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bergita","family":"Ganse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Werner Siemens Foundation Endowed Chair for Innovative Implant Development (Fracture Healing) Saarland University  Saarbr\u00fccken Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifigeneia","family":"Giakoumaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science &amp; Sports Medicine, Department of Life Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"},{"name":"Apis Assay Technologies Ltd.  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"Rittweger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Aerospace Medicine German Aerospace Center (DLR)  Cologne Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine University of Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bosutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste  Trieste Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Degens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science &amp; Sports Medicine, Department of Life Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"},{"name":"Lithuanian Sports University  Kaunas Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00227.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1136-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"1334","article-title":"Increased capillary density in skeletal muscle is not associated with impaired insulin sensitivity induced by bed rest in healthy young men","volume":"43","author":"Montero D","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-1661"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00363.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00494"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13659-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-711X(94)90079-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04333-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-019-09520-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.126664"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.3.902"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00394.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91130.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239228"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01739812"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00170.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12194"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00936.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01527"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.78.5.1733"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200010000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP089734"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-3045-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/H07-189"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"Hospital discharges and length of stay statistics. 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