{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:58:50Z","timestamp":1791820730348,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000048","name":"American Cancer Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSG\u201019\u2010195\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSG\u201019\u2010195\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CPRIT; RP200170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPRIT; RP200170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TL1TR001104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL1TR001104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA142543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA142543"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cancer cachexia is frequently documented by self\u2010reported, single time\u2010point weight histories. This approach lacks the granularity needed to fully elucidate the progression of cachexia syndrome. This study aimed to longitudinally assess body weight changes pre\u2010 and post\u2010cancer diagnosis in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Body weights and relevant clinical data recorded in the electronic health record 12\u00a0months pre\u2010 and post\u2010GI cancer (colorectal, gastroesophageal, hepatobiliary and pancreatic) diagnosis were extracted. Weight loss was categorized by the International Consensus Definition for cachexia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 879 patients were included in the final cohort including patients diagnosed with colorectal (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0317), hepatocellular (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0185), biliary (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a072), pancreatic (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0186) or gastroesophageal (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0119) cancer. Stage of disease was equally distributed. Patients without cachexia at diagnosis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0608) remained weight stable during the 12\u00a0months pre\u2010diagnosis (+0.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.5% body weight; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.99). Patients with cachexia at diagnosis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0271) remained weight stable 6 to 12\u00a0months prior to diagnosis (+0.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.8%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.9999) and lost 8.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.6% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) within the 6\u00a0months pre\u2010diagnosis. Patients without cachexia at diagnosis lost more weight post\u2010diagnosis (6.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.6%) than patients with cachexia at diagnosis (4.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.0%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.01). Pre\u2010diagnosis weight trajectories did not differ between primary malignancies or stage of disease in patients without or with cachexia at diagnosis (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2265\u00a00.05). Post\u2010diagnosis weight trajectories did differ by primary malignancy (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.0002) and stage (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). In both patients without and with cachexia at diagnosis, colorectal patients lost the least amount of weight post\u2010diagnosis and gastroesophageal patients lost the most amount of weight post\u2010diagnosis. Stage 4 patients without or with cachexia at diagnosis lost the most weight post\u2010diagnosis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.0003). Regardless of cachexia status at diagnosis, patients lost more weight when treated with systemic therapy (7.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.7%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0419) or radiation therapy (8.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.4%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.02; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0116) compared to those who did not. Patients who did not have surgery lost more weight post\u2010diagnosis (7.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.1%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0355) compared to those who did have surgery. By 12\u00a0months post\u2010diagnosis, 83% of the surviving GI cancer patients in this cohort had transitioned into cachexia syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant weight loss in patients with GI cancer cachexia at diagnosis initiates at least 6\u00a0months prior to diagnosis, and most patients will transition into cachexia syndrome post\u2010diagnosis, regardless of pre\u2010diagnosis weight change and stage of disease. These findings punctuate the importance of weight surveillance in cancer detection and earlier palliative interventions post\u2010diagnosis in the GI cancer patient population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T05:46:18Z","timestamp":1664257578000},"page":"2920-2931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A preponderance of gastrointestinal cancer patients transition into cachexia syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2612-2538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda Anne","family":"Gilmore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas TX USA"},{"name":"Center for Human Nutrition University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Olaechea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Nutrition University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian W.","family":"Gilmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of North Texas  Denton TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavani S.","family":"Gannavarapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian M.","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chul","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puneeth","family":"Iyengar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Nutrition University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas TX USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas TX USA"},{"name":"Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2605-822X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodney E.","family":"Infante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Nutrition University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center  Dallas TX USA"},{"name":"Harold C. 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