{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:39:28Z","timestamp":1791225568365,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01EA1806A\u2010H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EA1806A\u2010H"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Frailty development is partly dependent on multiple factors like low levels of nutrients and high levels of oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation potentially leading to a muscle\u2010catabolic state. Measures of specific biomarker patterns including nutrients, OS and inflammatory biomarkers as well as muscle related biomarkers like 3\u2010methylhistidine (3MH) may improve evaluation of mechanisms and the complex networks leading to frailty.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 220 multi\u2010morbid patients (\u2265 60\u00a0years), classified as non\u2010frail (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0104) and frail (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0116) according to Fried's frailty criteria, we measured serum concentrations of fat\u2010soluble micronutrients, amino acids (AA), OS, interleukins (IL) 6 and 10, 3MH (biomarker for muscle protein turnover) and serum spectra of fatty acids (FA). We evaluated biomarker patterns by principal component analysis (PCA) and their cross\u2010sectional associations with frailty by multivariate logistic regression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two biomarker patterns [principal components (PC)] were identified by PCA. PC1 was characterized by high positive factor loadings (FL) of carotenoids, anti\u2010inflammatory FA and vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> together with high negative FL of pro\u2010inflammatory FA, IL6 and IL6\/IL10, reflecting an <jats:italic>inflammation\u2010related<\/jats:italic> pattern. PC2 was characterized by high positive FL of AA together with high negative FL of 3MH\u2010based biomarkers, reflecting a <jats:italic>muscle\u2010related<\/jats:italic> pattern. Frail patients had significantly lower factor scores than non\u2010frail patients for both PC1 [median: \u22120.27 (interquartile range: 1.15) vs. 0.27 (1.23); <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001] and PC2 [median: \u22120.15 (interquartile range: 1.13) vs. 0.21 (1.38); <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002]. Patients with higher PC1 or PC2 factor scores were less likely to be frail [odds ratio (OR): 0.62, 95% CI: 0.46\u20130.83, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001 for PC1; OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.48\u20130.86, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.003 for PC2] compared with patients with lower PC1 or PC2 factor scores. This indicates that increasing levels of anti\u2010inflammatory biomarkers and increasing levels of muscle\u2010anabolic biomarkers are associated with a reduced likelihood (38% and 36%, respectively) for frailty. Significant associations remained after adjusting the regression models for potential confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conclude that two specific patterns reflecting either inflammation\u2010related or muscle\u2010related biomarkers are both significantly associated with frailty among multi\u2010morbid patients and that these specific biomarker patterns are more informative than single biomarker analyses considering frailty identification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T06:51:43Z","timestamp":1668495103000},"page":"157-166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Frailty is characterized by biomarker patterns reflecting inflammation or muscle catabolism in multi\u2010morbid 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Geriatric Center Berlin (EGZB)  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias B.","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NutriAct \u2010 Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin\u2010Potsdam  Nuthetal Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Nutritional Science University of Potsdam  Nuthetal Germany"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Epidemiology German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam\u2010Rehbruecke  Nuthetal Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)  Muenchen Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilman","family":"Grune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NutriAct \u2010 Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin\u2010Potsdam  Nuthetal Germany"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Toxicology German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam \u2010 Rehbruecke  Nuthetal Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Nutritional Science University of Potsdam  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