{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T22:23:27Z","timestamp":1780957407309,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is a globally common situation and closely related with many chronic diseases. It is a hot topic to examine if vitamin D supplementation is effective for the treatment of diseases, and there have been dozens of clinical trials published in recent years. However, most studies have not proved the extra\u2010skeletal benefits of vitamin D supplementation on these diseases. Some inherent shortcomings of these trials, such as inclusion with vitamin D\u2010sufficient and obese participants, low response rate from participants and the insensitive changes in chosen outcomes over a shorter period, may be main reasons why most studies have yet to demonstrate effects of vitamin D supplementation. In this editorial, we aim to discuss the perspectives on how can we design a proper trial for vitamin D treatment of diseases based on the evidence\u2010based practice framework PICOS (participants, intervention, control, outcomes and study design) in the future. First, right participants should be chosen, which is crucial for the success of vitamin D clinical trials. Participants with vitamin D sufficiency (e.g., baseline 25(OH)D of &gt;50\u00a0nmol\/L), obesity (e.g., body mass index\u00a0&gt;\u00a030\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) and\/or high vitamin D response index could be excluded from the trials. Second, intervention with vitamin D in right forms or dosages should be used. Vitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> supplementation with appropriate dosages that keep 25(OH)D levels between 75 and 100\u00a0nmol\/L is recommended. Third, \u2018contamination\u2019 in the control groups needs to pay attention. To diminish this, it is ideal to include participants less interfered by sun exposure (such as living in places at a high latitude) or with greater compliance (less interference by supplemental vitamin D\u2010containing nutrients). Fourth, the outcome measures should be sensitive to change to avoid type II error. For outcomes such as bone density, radiographic osteoarthritis and cardiovascular diseases, follow\u2010up period of 3\u20135\u00a0years may be required to observe the changes. Last, precision clinical trials may be the only way to prove the benefits of vitamin D supplementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T06:02:13Z","timestamp":1681884133000},"page":"1146-1149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["How can we design a proper trial for vitamin D treatment of diseases? Facts and numbers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shuang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University  Hefei Anhui China"},{"name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaohua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"},{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University  Guangzhou Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhai","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research University of Tasmania  Hobart Tasmania Australia"},{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University  Guangzhou Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900906"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809944"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1206858"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00263-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.25850"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/GL-2020-0524SUPPL"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26848"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10224"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.164487"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.11889"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.594"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-1119-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.04.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-066452","article-title":"Vitamin D and marine omega 3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease: VITAL randomized controlled trial","volume":"376","author":"Hahn J","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcsm.13200","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T04:09:44Z","timestamp":1703822984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcsm.13200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcsm.13200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.13200","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-5991","2190-6009"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-5991","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-6009","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}