{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:22:16Z","timestamp":1790626936348,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013465","name":"French Muscular Dystrophy Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#22946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#22946"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013465","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013465","name":"French Muscular Dystrophy Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#19507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#19507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013465","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle degenerative disorder, culminating in a complete loss of ambulation, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and a fatal cardiorespiratory failure.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Necroptosis is the form of necrosis that is dependent upon the receptor\u2010interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 3; it is involved in several inflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions. We previously identified RIPK3 as a key player in the acute myonecrosis affecting the hindlimb muscles of the mdx dystrophic mouse model. Whether necroptosis also mediates respiratory and heart disorders in DMD is currently unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Evidence of activation of the necroptotic axis was examined in dystrophic tissues from Golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dogs and R\u2010DMDdel52 rats. A functional assessment of the involvement of necroptosis in dystrophic animals was performed on mdx mice that were genetically depleted for RIPK3. Dystrophic mice aged from 12 to 18\u00a0months were analysed by histology and molecular biology to compare the phenotype of muscles from mdx\n                      <jats:italic>Ripk3<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>+\/+<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      and mdx\n                      <jats:italic>Ripk3<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mice. Heart function was also examined by echocardiography in 40\u2010week\u2010old mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>RIPK3<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression in sartorius and biceps femoris muscles from GRMD dogs positively correlated to myonecrosis levels (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.81;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.0076).\n                      <jats:italic>RIPK3<\/jats:italic>\n                      was also found elevated in the diaphragm (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.05). In the slow\u2010progressing heart phenotype of GRMD dogs, the phosphorylated form of RIPK1 at the Serine 161 site was dramatically increased in cardiomyocytes. A similar p\u2010RIPK1 upregulation characterized the cardiomyocytes of the severe DMDdel52 rat model, associated with a marked overexpression of\n                      <jats:italic>Ripk1<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.007) and\n                      <jats:italic>Ripk3<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.008), indicating primed activation of the necroptotic pathway in the dystrophic heart. Mdx\n                      <jats:italic>Ripk3<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mice displayed decreased compensatory hypertrophy of the heart (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.014), and echocardiography showed a 19% increase in the relative wall thickness (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) and 29% reduction in the left ventricle mass (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.0144). Besides, mdx\n                      <jats:italic>Ripk3<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mice presented no evidence of a regenerative default or sarcopenia in skeletal muscles, moreover around 50% less affected by fibrosis (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data highlight molecular and histological evidence that the necroptotic pathway is activated in degenerative tissues from dystrophic animal models, including the diaphragm and the heart. We also provide the genetic proof of concept that selective inhibition of necroptosis in dystrophic condition improves both histological features of muscles and cardiac function, suggesting that prevention of necroptosis is susceptible to providing multiorgan beneficial effects for DMD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T09:57:57Z","timestamp":1698832677000},"page":"2520-2531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Receptor interacting protein kinase\u20103 mediates both myopathy and cardiomyopathy in preclinical animal models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3088-4818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilien","family":"Bencze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Team Relaix, Biology of 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of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcsm.13265","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:07:35Z","timestamp":1704931655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcsm.13265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcsm.13265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.13265","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.01.06.475271","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2190-5991","2190-6009"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-5991","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-6009","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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