{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:35:28Z","timestamp":1792092928957,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1C1C1004999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1C1C1004999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sarcopenic obesity, defined as the coexistence of low muscle mass and high adiposity, is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. However, to what extent sarcopenia contributes to these risks independently or in conjunction with other cardiovascular risk factors remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association of low muscle mass, central obesity (COB), metabolic abnormalities, and their combinations with CVD and mortality risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional analysis used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999\u20132006 and 2011\u20132018. Participants aged &gt;20\u00a0years and with reported whole\u2010body dual X\u2010ray absorptiometry data were included. Participants were divided into eight groups based on low muscle mass, metabolic abnormalities, and COB status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age of participants was 55\u00a0years, and 50.4% of participants were male. Low muscle mass was observed in 2472 (14.6%) out of 16\u00a0839 participants. Among the eight groups, the metabolically unhealthy COB group with low muscle mass had the highest hazard ratio (HR) for all\u2010cause mortality (HR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.56\u20132.56;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), whereas the metabolically healthy COB group with low muscle mass had the highest HR for CVD mortality (HR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.53\u20136.65;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.001). The mediation analysis showed that low muscle mass directly increased the risk of both all\u2010cause mortality (HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.35\u20131.79;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and CVD mortality (HR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.40\u20132.31;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Additionally, subgroup analysis revealed that low muscle mass significantly increased the risk of all\u2010cause and CVD mortality in participants without a prior CVD history and those with diabetes mellitus.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low muscle mass is an independent risk factor for all\u2010cause and CVD mortality, especially in individuals with metabolic abnormalities and COB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T03:58:19Z","timestamp":1702958299000},"page":"240-254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Association of low muscle mass and obesity with increased all\u2010cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in US adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Donghyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Chonbuk National University Hospital  Jeonju Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junghoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital Hallym University College of Medicine  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raekil","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology  Gwangju Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6681-4478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang\u2010Myung","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology  Gwangju Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinje","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital Hallym University College of Medicine  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31138-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2575"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.014506"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.163840"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000490361"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4235\/agmr.2018.22.2.52"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26950"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1223-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15168"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-5-455"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05563-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics.Office of Analysis and Epidemiology. 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