{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:31:17Z","timestamp":1792794677835,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many studies support the idea that sarcopenic obesity (SO) could be considered a potential risk factor for negative health outcomes. These results have been inconsistent, and no umbrella reviews exist regarding this topic. Several databases until November 2023 were searched for systematic reviews with meta\u2010analysis of observational studies (cross\u2010sectional, case\u2013control and prospective). For each association, random\u2010effects summary effect sizes with correspondent 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were evaluated using the GRADE tool. Among the 213 papers initially screened, nine systematic reviews with meta\u2010analysis were included, for a total of 384\u00a0710 participants. In cross\u2010sectional and case\u2013control studies, 30 different outcomes were analysed, and 18 were statistically significant. In any population addressed in cross\u2010sectional and case\u2013control studies, compared with non\u2010SO, SO increased the prevalence of cognitive impairment (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a03; odds ratio [OR]\u00a0=\u00a03.46; 95% CI: 2.24\u20135.32; high certainty of evidence), coronary artery disease (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02; OR\u00a0=\u00a02.48; 95% CI: 1.85\u20133.31) and dyslipidaemia (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a03; OR\u00a0=\u00a02.50; 95% CI: 1.51\u20134.15). When compared with sarcopenia or obesity, the results were conflicting. In prospective studies, the association between SO\u2014compared with non\u2010SO\u2014and other negative outcomes was supported by low\/very low certainty of evidence and limited to a few conditions. Besides, no comparison with sarcopenia or obesity was provided. Finally, only a few studies have considered muscle function\/physical performance in the diagnostic workup. SO could be considered a risk factor only for a few conditions, with the literature mainly based on cross\u2010sectional and case\u2013control studies. Future studies with clear definitions of SO are needed for quantifying the importance of SO\u2014particularly when compared with the presence of only sarcopenia or obesity\u2014and the weight of muscle function\/physical performance in its definition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T02:16:36Z","timestamp":1718849796000},"page":"1264-1274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Sarcopenic obesity and health outcomes: An umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Veronese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties University of Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco Saverio","family":"Ragusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties University of Palermo  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Pegreffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualit\u00e0 della Vita\u2010QUVI Universit\u00e0 di Bologna  Rimini Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ligia J.","family":"Dominguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery \u201cKore\u201d University of Enna  Enna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Barbagallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties University of Palermo  Palermo 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