{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:45:39Z","timestamp":1788291939630,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Astronauts in Earth's orbit experience microgravity, resulting in a decline of skeletal muscle mass and function. On Earth, models simulating microgravity have shown that the extent of the loss in muscle force is greater than the loss in muscle mass. The reasons behind this disproportionate loss of muscle force are still poorly understood. In the present study, we hypothesize that alongside the loss in skeletal muscle mass, modifications in the expression profile of genes encoding critical determinants of resting membrane potential, excitation\u2010contraction coupling and Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> handling contribute to the decline in skeletal muscle force.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthy male volunteers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a018) participated in a 5\u2010day dry immersion (DI) study, an Earth\u2010based model of simulated microgravity. Muscle force measurement and MRI analysis of the cross\u2010sectional area of thigh muscles were performed before and after DI. Biopsies of the <jats:italic>vastus lateralis<\/jats:italic> skeletal muscle performed before and after DI were used for the determination Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> properties of isolated muscle fibres, molecular and biochemical analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The extent of the decline in force, measured as maximal voluntary contraction of knee extensors (\u221211.1%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) was higher than the decline in muscle mass (\u22122.5%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). The decline in muscle mass was molecularly supported by a significant repression of the anabolic IGF\u20101\/Akt\/mTOR pathway (\u221219.9% and \u221240.9% in 4E\u2010BP1 and RPS6 phosphorylation, respectively), a transcriptional downregulation of the autophagy\u2010lysosome pathway and a downregulation in the mRNA levels of myofibrillar protein slow isoforms. At the single fibre level, biochemical and tension\u2010pCa curve analyses showed that the loss in force was independent of fibre type (\u221211% and \u221212.3% in slow and fast fibres, respectively) and Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> activation properties. Finally, we showed a significant remodelling in the expression of critical players of resting membrane potential (aquaporin 4: \u221224.9%, ATP1A2: +50.4%), excitation\u2010contraction coupling (<jats:italic>CHRNA1<\/jats:italic>: +75.1%, <jats:italic>CACNA2D1<\/jats:italic>: \u221223.5%, <jats:italic>JPH2<\/jats:italic>: \u221224.2%, <jats:italic>TRDN<\/jats:italic>: \u221215.6%, <jats:italic>S100A1<\/jats:italic>: +27.2%), and Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> handling (<jats:italic>ATP2A2<\/jats:italic>: \u221232.5%, <jats:italic>CASQ1<\/jats:italic>: \u221215%, <jats:italic>ORAI1<\/jats:italic>: \u221236.2%, <jats:italic>ATP2B1<\/jats:italic>: \u221219.1%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings provide evidence that a deregulation in the expression profile of critical molecular determinants of resting membrane potential, excitation\u2010contraction coupling, and Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> handling could be involved in the loss of muscle force induced by DI. They also provide the paradigm for the understanding of muscle force loss during prolonged bed rest periods as those encountered in intensive care unit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T09:41:49Z","timestamp":1729849309000},"page":"2323-2337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Molecular determinants of skeletal muscle force loss in response to 5\u00a0days of dry immersion in human"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6315-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias","family":"Velarde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricit\u00e9 Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet\u2010Saint\u2010Etienne  Saint Etienne France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel\u2010Yves","family":"Sempore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricit\u00e9 Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet\u2010Saint\u2010Etienne  Saint Etienne France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement d'Anesth\u00e9sie et R\u00e9animation Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint Etienne  Saint Etienne France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentine","family":"Allibert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricit\u00e9 Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet\u2010Saint\u2010Etienne  Saint Etienne France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Montel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral C\u00f4te d'Opale, ULR 7369 \u2010 URePSSS \u2010 Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Sant\u00e9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9  Lille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josiane","family":"Castells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricit\u00e9 Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet\u2010Saint\u2010Etienne  Saint Etienne France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Treffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Toulousain d'Ost\u00e9opathie, IRF'O  Toulouse France"},{"name":"Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), School of Public Health University of Technology Sydney  Ultimo Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e8le","family":"Chopard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DMEM, INRAE Universit\u00e9 Montpellier  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Brioche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DMEM, INRAE Universit\u00e9 Montpellier  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Cochon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral C\u00f4te d'Opale, ULR 7369 \u2010 URePSSS \u2010 Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Sant\u00e9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9  Lille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9rome","family":"Morel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricit\u00e9 Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet\u2010Saint\u2010Etienne  Saint Etienne France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement d'Anesth\u00e9sie et R\u00e9animation Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint Etienne  Saint Etienne France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Bastide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. 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