{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:17:26Z","timestamp":1791494246773,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000377","name":"Dunhill Medical Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cachexia, defined as the combination of weight loss, weakness, fatigue, anorexia and abnormal biochemical markers based on Evans' criteria, is known to exacerbate the prognosis of heart failure (HF) patients. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis investigates the prognostic impact and prevalence of cachexia, as defined by Evans' criteria, in patients with HF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Web of Science were searched from inception until December 2023, including HF patients for whom the Evans' criteria were applied to explore the prevalence and prognostic impact of cachexia. This study employed a meta\u2010analyses using the random\u2010effects model and inverse\u2010variance method that was adhered to the revised 2020 PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and meta\u2010analyses (CRD42023446443).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six prospective or retrospective studies of 2252 patients with HF were included, whereby all\u2010cause mortality was significantly greater in patients with cachexia with low heterogeneity among studies (HR: 1.60, 95% CI 1.31\u20131.95, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090%). For the studies that used full, uniformly defined Evans' criteria, among 1844 patients, mortality remained greater in patients with cachexia (HR: 1.58, 95% CI 1.27\u20131.97, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090%). In a subgroup analysis among 1714 of HF with reduced ejection fraction, the results were consistent (HR: 1.57, 95% CI 1.28\u20131.92, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090%). Additionally, 10 studies comprising 2862 patients indicated a 31% risk of cachexia in HF (95% CI 21\u201343%, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200994%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cachexia is an independent predictor for increased all\u2010cause mortality among patients with HF with a notable prevalence of 31%. Interventions aiding in improving fatigue, anorexia and exercise capacity could help improve the quality of life of this clinical population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T05:40:21Z","timestamp":1730353221000},"page":"2536-2543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Prognostic Impact and Prevalence of Cachexia in Patients With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Prokopidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal Ageing and Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart &amp; Chest Hospital  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Irlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart &amp; Chest Hospital  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Students' Scientific Association by the Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze Medical University of Silesia  Katowice Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze Medical University of Silesia  Katowice Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirela","family":"Hendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students' Scientific Association by the Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze Medical University of Silesia  Katowice Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Pia\u015bnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students' Scientific Association by the Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze Medical University of Silesia  Katowice Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory\u00a0Y.\u00a0H.","family":"Lip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart &amp; Chest Hospital  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Danish Center for Health Services Research Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Nabrdalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart &amp; Chest Hospital  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze Medical University of Silesia  Katowice Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-1450669"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1788"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.242"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.4.735"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12528"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-020-0523-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13291"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12603"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","article-title":"Prognostic 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