{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T21:22:16Z","timestamp":1782336136267,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cigarette smoking is known to affect muscle function and exercise capacity, including muscle fatigue resistance. Most studies showed diminished cross\u2010sectional area and fibre type shifting in slow\u2010twitch muscles such as the soleus, while effects on fast\u2010twitch muscles were seldom reported and the differential responses between muscle types in response to exposure\u00a0to cigarette smoke (CS) were largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the histomorphological, biochemical and transcriptomic changes induced by CS on both slow\u2010twitch and fast\u2010twitch muscles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: sham air (SA) and CS. The rats were exposed to CS for 8\u2009weeks using an exposure chamber system to mimic smoking conditions. Histomorphological analyses on muscle fibre type and cross\u2010sectional area were determined in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL). Transcriptomic profiles were investigated for identifying differentially expressed genes\n                      <jats:bold>(<\/jats:bold>\n                      DEGs) and potential mechanistic pathways involved. Inflammatory responses in terms of the macrophage population and the level of inflammatory cytokines were measured. Markers for muscle\u2010specific proteolysis were also examined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Soleus muscle, but not in EDL, exhibited a significant increase in Type IIa fibres (SA: 9.0\u2009\u00b1\u20093.3%; CS: 19.8\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and decrease in Type I fibres (SA: 90.1\u2009\u00b1\u20093.6%; CS: 77.9\u2009\u00b1\u20093.3%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) after CS exposure. RNA sequencing revealed 165 identified DEGs in soleus including upregulation of \u2018Cd68\u2019, \u2018Ccl2\u2019 and \u2018Ucp2\u2019 as well as downregulation of \u2018Ucp3\u2019, etc. Pathways enrichment analysis revealed that the upregulated pathways in soleus were related to immune system and cellular response, while the downregulated pathways were related to oxidative metabolism. Only 10 DEGs were identified in EDL with less enriched pathways. The soleus also showed elevated pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines, and the total macrophage marker CD68 was significantly higher in soleus of CS compared to the SA group (CD68\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/no. of fibre: SA\u2009=\u200960.3\u2009\u00b1\u200939.3%; CS\u2009=\u2009106.5\u2009\u00b1\u200927.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0039), while the two groups in EDL muscle showed no significant difference. The expression of E3 ubiquitin ligase atrogin\u20101 associated with muscle degradation pathways was 1.63\u2010fold higher in the soleus after CS, while no significant differences were observed in the EDL.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CS\u2010induced inflammatory responses on soleus muscle are likely mediated via targeting mitochondrial\u2010related signalling, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired oxidative capacity. The presumably less active mitochondrial\u2010related signalling in EDL renders it less susceptible to changes towards CS, accounting for differential impacts between muscle types.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T04:15:53Z","timestamp":1732853753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Differences in Slow\u2010Twitch and Fast\u2010Twitch Muscles of a Cigarette Smoke\u2010Exposed Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9719-7687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy\u00a0K.\u00a0H.","family":"Fung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Kowloon Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7367-9171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwok\u00a0Kuen","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Kowloon Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benson\u00a0W.\u00a0M.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Kowloon Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6029-2541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirley\u00a0P.\u00a0C.","family":"Ngai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Kowloon Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Tobacco","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S106009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15412550801941349"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157016107782023406"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2006.00939.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00762.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-1592"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.078980"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"637","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"3","author":"Kim H. 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