{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:40:27Z","timestamp":1789756827516,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012515","name":"Cyrus Tang Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001547","name":"China Medical Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001547","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Normal weight obesity (NWO) is characterized by excess body fat in individuals with normal body mass index (BMI). This study aimed to investigate gut microbiota alterations in NWO and their potential associations with cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) risk in two independent cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our NWO\u2010CMD mortality analysis included 168\u2009099 adults with normal BMI from two large open\u2010access databases, while our NWO\u2010gut microbiota study involved 5467 adults with normal BMI from two independent cohorts: the WELL\u2010China cohort and the Lanxi cohort. NWO was defined as having a normal BMI (18.5\u201323.9\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) but an excess per cent body fat (PBF, \u2265\u200925% in men and \u2265\u200935% in women). Normal weight lean was defined as having a normal BMI and normal PBF. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing method was used to analyse gut microbiota data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study comprised 3620 (64.0% female, median age 58\u2009years) and 1847 (64.3% female, median age 56\u2009years) participants from the WELL\u2010China and Lanxi cohorts. In our meta\u2010analysis, NWO is associated with 26% (95% CI: 1.07\u20131.41) higher risk of CMD mortality. Gut microbial analyses indicated that the NWO group exhibited reduced levels of observed species (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013) and Chao 1 index (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and altered gut microbial compositions (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared with the NWL group. Seven genera were consistently observed to be associated with NWO in both two cohorts (all Q\u2009&lt;\u20090.25). Among them, five (\n                      <jats:italic>Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Ruminococcus gnavus<\/jats:styled-content>\n                        group\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Ruminococcus torques<\/jats:styled-content>\n                        group\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Coprococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Christensenellaceae_R7_group<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) have been previously linked to obesity, while the other two (\n                      <jats:italic>Phascolarctobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridia_UCG\u2010014<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) were minimally reported. We also found statistically significant differences in the microbial composition between the NWO group and the obesity group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). Furthermore, the NWO\u2010related gut microbiome was associated with an elevated risk of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and metabolic syndrome, the corresponding HR (95% CIs) were 1.11 (1.01\u20131.22), 1.19 (1.10\u20131.29) and 1.17 (1.05\u20131.30) in the WELL\u2010China cohort and 1.14 (1.02\u20131.27), 1.15 (1.02\u20131.29) and 1.16 (1.02\u20131.32) in the Lanxi cohort.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These two large cohorts provided reliable evidence that gut microbiota alterations in NWO resemble those found in obesity, yet also display unique aspects. This distinct microbiota profile may contribute to heightened cardiometabolic risks in adults with normal BMI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T07:34:33Z","timestamp":1735198473000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Distinct Gut Microbiota Profiles in Normal Weight Obesity and Their Association With Cardiometabolic Diseases: Results From Two Independent Cohort Studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Disease Research Institute, the Children's Hospital, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, School of Medicine 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