{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T22:57:56Z","timestamp":1781045876037,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR077604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR077604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR079431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR079431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB002524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB002524"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P41EB027060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41EB027060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23NS104211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23NS104211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L30NS108301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L30NS108301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS128478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS128478"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24NS126781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24NS126781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maintaining skeletal muscle health (i.e., muscle size and quality) is crucial for preserving mobility. Decreases in lower limb muscle volume and increased intramuscular fat (IMF) are common findings in people with impaired mobility. We developed an automated method to extract markers of leg muscle health, muscle volume and IMF, from MRI. We then explored their associations with age, body mass index (BMI), sex and voluntary force generation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We trained (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200934) and tested (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200916) a convolutional neural network (CNN) to segment five muscle groups in both legs from fat\u2010water MRI to explore muscle volume and IMF. In 95 participants (70 females, 25 males, mean age [standard deviation]\u2009=\u200934.2 (11.2) years, age range\u2009=\u200918\u201360\u2009years), we explored associations between the CNN measures and age, BMI and sex, and then in a subset of 75 participants, we explored associations between CNN muscle volume, CNN IMF and maximum plantarflexion force after controlling for age, BMI and sex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The CNN demonstrated high test accuracy (S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice index\u2009\u2265\u20090.87 for all muscle groups) and reliability (muscle volume ICC\n                      <jats:sub>2,1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u20090.923 and IMF ICC\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u20090.815 for all muscle groups) compared to manual segmentation. CNN muscle volume was positively associated with BMI across all muscle groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.001) but not with age (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u20090.406). CNN IMF was positively associated with age for all muscle groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.015), and CNN IMF was positively associated with BMI for all muscle groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.043) except the right deep posterior compartment (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.130). Males had greater CNN volume of all muscle groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) except the left and right gastrocnemius (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u20090.067). Gastrocnemius CNN IMF was greater in females (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.043). Plantarflexion force was positively associated with lateral compartment, soleus and gastrocnemius CNN volume (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.025) but not with CNN IMF (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u20090.358).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Computer\u2010vision models combined with fat\u2010water MRI permits the non\u2010invasive, automatic assessment of leg muscle volume and IMF. Associations with age, BMI and sex are important when interpreting these measures. Markers of leg muscle health may enhance our understanding of the relationship between muscle health, force generation and mobility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02157038<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T01:05:24Z","timestamp":1740013524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Leg Muscle Volume, Intramuscular Fat and Force Generation: Insights From a Computer\u2010Vision Model and Fat\u2010Water MRI"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Andrew\u00a0C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School 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