{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:28:09Z","timestamp":1789518489668,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ageing is commonly associated with a decrease in muscle strength, which is largely linked to decreases in skeletal muscle mass (SMM). The rate of the age\u2010related decline in muscle strength is different from the rate of the age\u2010related decline in SMM. Current estimation methods for SMM, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dual\u2010energy x\u2010ray absorptiometry (DXA), evaluate both intracellular and extracellular water volumes, potentially overestimating atrophied muscle fibres. Recently, segmental bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (S\u2010BIS), which distinguishes intracellular water (ICW) associated with muscle cell mass (MCM), has been developed. However, this method has not been sufficiently compared with other SMM assessment methods, especially with respect to age\u2010related changes. This study was aimed at comparing the age\u2010related differences in SMM measured by S\u2010BIS, MRI and DXA over a wide range of ages and to identify the optimal method for evaluating age\u2010related muscle tissue changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study included 41 women and 43 men living in Japan (mean [SD] age: 53.51 [13.76] years; height: 162.96 [9.16] cm; BMI: 22.32 [2.94]). Three different methods were applied to estimate SMM: leg lean mass was measured via DXA; mid\u2010thigh muscle cross\u2010sectional area (CSA) was measured via MRI; and thigh total water, thigh ICW and the ratio of extracellular water to total water (ECW\/TW) were measured via S\u2010BIS. To more effectively compare age\u2010related differences in each parameter, we normalised the relative values for each participant by using the mean scores for the 30\u201339\u2010year group for each parameter. Segmented regression analysis was performed to detect age breaking points for each parameter.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Each SMM parameter obtained via the different methods markedly decreased with increasing age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In contrast, the ECW\/TW increased with increasing age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The age breaking points for leg lean mass measured by DXA, mid\u2010thigh CSA measured by MRI and thigh ICW measured by S\u2010BIS were 57.7, 56.3 and 43.2\u2009years, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with DXA or MRI, S\u2010BIS was found to be more sensitive for detecting age\u2010related SMM decrease at earlier stages. S\u2010BIS can distinguish between ICW and ECW, providing a more accurate estimation of MCM that is linked to muscle contractions. This study offers new insights that SMM begins to decrease in the 50s, while MCM does in the early 40s. These findings emphasise the need to address the age\u2010related decline in MCM starting in the early 40s to prevent a decrease in the quality of life of older individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T10:00:10Z","timestamp":1749031210000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Early Detection of Age\u2010Related Decline of Muscle Cell Mass by Intracellular Water Assessment Compared With MRI or DXA"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-0720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akifumi","family":"Maeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University  Kusatsu Shiga Japan"},{"name":"Development &amp; Design Department Suntory Beverage &amp; Food Ltd.  Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition  Settsu Osaka Japan"},{"name":"Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Tohoku University  Sendai Miyagi Japan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine Tohoku University  Sendai Miyagi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maito","family":"Yamagishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University  Kusatsu Shiga Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University  Kusatsu Shiga Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsukasa","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition  Settsu Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Science of Life, Suntory Wellness Ltd.  Seika Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Izumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Science of Life, Suntory Wellness Ltd.  Seika Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Rogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Science of Life, Suntory Wellness Ltd.  Seika Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Strategy Planning Department Suntory Holdings Ltd.  Seika Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fukuda Clinic  Osaka Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuma","family":"Arimitsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University  Kusatsu Shiga Japan"},{"name":"Undergraduate Department of Human Health, Faculty of Health Care Hachinohe Gakuin University  Hachinohe Aomori Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naokazu","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Sports Science Juntendo University  Inzai Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Science Ritsumeikan University  Kusatsu Shiga Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.205919"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afae052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00592"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.10.1059"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.7.M730"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. N.Williams M. J.Higgins andM. D.Lewek Aging Skeletal Muscle: Physiologic Changes and the Effects of Training Update (2002)","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/82.1.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.2.662"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-209"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1129-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2023.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2020.03.02"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"The Extracellular to Intracellular Water Ratio in Upper Legs Is Negatively Associated With Skeletal Muscle Strength and Gait Speed in Older People","volume":"72","author":"Yamada Y.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igac059.2592"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1106-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"1180","article-title":"Electrical Properties Assessed by Bioelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy as Biomarkers of Age\u2010Related Loss of Skeletal Muscle Quantity and Quality","volume":"72","author":"Yamada Y.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12941"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00669.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12715"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-024-00692-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13083"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1999.277.3.E489"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcsm.13851","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T10:23:55Z","timestamp":1750847035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcsm.13851"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcsm.13851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.13851","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-5991","2190-6009"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-5991","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-6009","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13851"}}