{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:54:58Z","timestamp":1789566898701,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82171584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171584"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72374180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72374180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82401856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82401856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ageing is a complex and multi\u2010dimensional process that manifests heterogeneities across different organs\/systems, individuals and countries. We aimed to delineate the life\u2010course percentile curves and establish the normative values of multi\u2010systemic (e.g., muscle\u2010skeletal, brain, cardiovascular and pulmonary) ageing metrics for people under distinct sociodemographic contexts (i.e., sex, income and education).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three national datasets, the UKB (the United Kingdom), the NHANES (the United States) and the CHARLS (China) were utilized for the analyses. We selected 14 ageing metrics (e.g., body mass index, grip strength, fat\u2010free mass index, bone mineral content [BMC], bone mineral density [BMD], diastolic blood pressure, cognitive function and frailty index_Lab) that represent the functions of different organs\/systems and plotted their sex\u2010, educational\u2010 and income\u2010specific percentile curves utilizing the GMALSS model. We also estimated the age\u2010specific normative values for each ageing metric in distinct sociodemographic contexts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The functions of all metrics, except for cognitive function, manifested a progressive decline or maintained stability after adulthood (20s), especially after middle age (40s\u201350s). The cognitive function showed an evident decline in old age (70s\u201375s) (e.g., in the CHARLS: the median [IQR] cognitive function scores were 11.6 [9.1, 13.8], 10.3 [7.5, 12.9], 8.3 [5.5, 11.0] at the ages of 60, 70 and 80 for males, respectively). In the stratified analyses, males and females manifested disparities in percentile curves of ageing metrics involving the muscle\u2010skeletal and cardiovascular systems. For instance, BMC and BMD manifested an evident decline after middle age in females, whereas they showed a slow decline after adulthood in males. Notably, we observed substantial income and educational disparities in percentile curves of several ageing metrics within Chinese participants: the \u2018low\u2010income\u2019 and \u2018low\u2010education\u2019 subgroups manifested an evident decline in ageing metrics (e.g., grip strength and frailty index_Lab) representative of multiple systems. By contrast, these income or educational disparities were not observed in the British and American participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our investigation delineated the potential heterogeneities and socioeconomic disparities in percentile curves of multi\u2010systemic ageing metrics and provided their age\u2010specific normative values tailored to different sexes and socioeconomic contexts based on three national datasets. This study may serve as a proof\u2010of\u2010concept for understanding the multi\u2010dimensional signature of systemic ageing and calls for policies to promote health equity across nations when facing dramatic global ageing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T09:41:31Z","timestamp":1749807691000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Delineating Life\u2010Course Percentile Curves and Normative Values of Multi\u2010Systemic Ageing Metrics in the United Kingdom, the United States, and China"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Liming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiening","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueqing","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zichang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Affairs Zhejiang University  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Hangzhou China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Social Medicine Institute of Gerontology, King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management Yale School of Public Health  New Haven Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Department of Economics Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiel\u00a0O.","family":"Hoogendijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology &amp; Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Amsterdam UMC\u2010Location VU University Medical Center  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiqian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Translational Research Center The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine Zhejiang University School of Medicine  Hangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002718"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02784-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-017-9993-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30548-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104199"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-022-00252-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43657-023-00125-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02296-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02495-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002827"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0183-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12523"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13223"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03495-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-020-00015-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31786-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2301292"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001364"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06802-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.30405"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.08.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12502"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05609-2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcsm.13862","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T10:24:45Z","timestamp":1750847085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcsm.13862"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcsm.13862"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.13862","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2190-5991","2190-6009"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2190-5991","type":"print"},{"value":"2190-6009","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13862"}}