{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T20:03:04Z","timestamp":1763928184140,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022S1A5A2A03055843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022S1A5A2A03055843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fine particulate matter has developmental toxicity, and midgestation is an important period for the development of foetal skeletal muscle. The ability of exercise to modulate skeletal muscle damage in mice exposed to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      during gestation remains unclear.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pregnant C57BL\/6 mice were exposed to 50\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      for 2\u2009h on five consecutive days starting at embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5d). Combined exercise (treadmill endurance training and weighted ladder resistance training) was followed for 8\u2009weeks in the 4\u2010week\u2010old offspring to verify the regulatory effect of exercise.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Offspring exposed to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      during gestation showed lower body weight (male, \u221244.3%; female, \u221244.8%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), lower skeletal muscle mass (male: TA fibre size, \u221242%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; TA mass, \u221237%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01; gastrocnemius mass, \u221246.5%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; female: TA fibre size, \u221251.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; TA mass, \u221229.8%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05; gastrocnemius mass, \u221240.7%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and mitochondrial (size decreased for TEM; male: PGC\u20101\u03b1, +78.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05; Tfam, +591.3%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; FIS\u20101, +627%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; female: Tfam, +452%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01; FIS\u20101, +345.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) dysfunction (at 4\u2009weeks old). They also showed catch\u2010up growth (between 3 and 8\u2009weeks of age; male average weight gain level, +57.9%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01; female average weight gain level, +66%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), although they still showed significant mitochondrial damage and impaired glucose metabolism (at 13\u2009weeks of age; male: mitochondrial damage for TEM; Tfam, \u221246%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01; PINK\u20101, \u221233.8%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05; Parkin, \u221262%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01; PFK\u20101, \u221217%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05; female: mitochondrial damage for TEM; PFK\u20101, \u221228.7%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Combined exercise was unable to regulate the skeletal muscle system disorder that occurred in male offspring exposed to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      during pregnancy. However, it activated the mitophagy (PINK\u20101, +94.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05; Parkin, +90.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in female offspring exposed to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      during pregnancy, thereby improving mitochondrial damage.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combined exercise had bidirectional, sex\u2010specific effects: Male offspring exhibited reduced responsiveness to exercise, with persistent mitochondrial damage, whereas female offspring showed improved mitochondrial health through increased mitophagy flux.<\/jats:p>\n                  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