{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:44:19Z","timestamp":1791524659188,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Grip strength is a key functional marker of musculoskeletal aging, widely used to assess sarcopenia. In preclinical research, multiple measurement methods are often combined to enhance reliability, but standardization remains challenging. To improve measurement robustness, we previously developed a composite strength score (SS5) that integrates five different grip strength tests into a single variable. While SS5 provides a comprehensive evaluation, its implementation is time\u2010consuming, limiting feasibility in large\u2010scale studies. In this study, we also examine two simplified composite scores, SS2 and SS3, as potential streamlined alternatives. Additionally, although normalizing grip strength to body weight is widely used, its appropriateness in geriatric mouse models has never been formally validated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forelimb grip strength was assessed in a cohort of 160\u2010aged C57BL\/6J mice using five methods: Weight Lift Tests (Deacon protocol with sponge weights and a modified version with metal wire weights), the Cage Lift Test and the Grip Strength Meter (trapeze bar and grid). Additionally, a cross\u2010sectional group of 173 mice was analysed to assess the correlation between grip strength and muscle size. Each method was evaluated for its correlation with age, ability to detect sex differences, variability and association with muscle size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All methods strongly correlated with age (\u22120.518\u2009\u2264\u2009r\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u2009\u22120.306). The Grip Strength Meter (trapeze bar) and modified Deacon method were the most effective in detecting sex differences (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). While all methods correlated with muscle size (0.153\u2009\u2264\u2009r\n                      <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.332), the modified Deacon method and Grip Strength Meter showed the strongest associations. The mean coefficient of variation (CV%) ranged from 7% to 17%, demonstrating good repeatability. Notably, despite being widely used, normalization of grip strength to body weight was found to introduce bias in geriatric mice, as age\u2010related weight loss distorts strength assessments. Absolute values proved to be a more reliable measure. To improve efficiency while maintaining reliability, we developed two new composite scores (SS2 and SS3) by integrating a subset of methods from SS5. These scores preserved the strong correlation with age observed in SS5 while reducing the number of required tests, enhancing feasibility.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combining multiple grip strength assessments improves measurement reliability in aging studies. The newly proposed SS2 and SS3 scores provide a streamlined yet robust alternative to SS5, improving standardization and facilitating future comparisons in preclinical sarcopenia research. Our findings also challenge the routine normalization of grip strength to body weight in geriatric mice, emphasizing the importance of using absolute values to avoid bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.70050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T06:55:57Z","timestamp":1756364157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Comparative Analysis of Grip Strength Evaluation Methods in a Large Cohort of Aged Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3445-4401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Bigossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research and Geriatric Mouse Clinic IRCCS INRCA  Ancona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Marcozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research and Geriatric Mouse Clinic IRCCS INRCA  Ancona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria\u00a0Elisa","family":"Giuliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research and Geriatric Mouse Clinic IRCCS INRCA  Ancona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research and Geriatric Mouse Clinic IRCCS INRCA  Ancona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Bartozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research IRCCS INRCA  Ancona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiorenza","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Animal Models for Aging Unit, Scientific Technological Area IRCCS INRCA  Falconara Marittima (AN) Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gerosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry &amp; Advanced Diagnostics IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi\u2010Sant'Ambrogio  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir\u00a0Mohammad","family":"Malvandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry &amp; Advanced Diagnostics IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi\u2010Sant'Ambrogio  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Putavet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleara Biotech B.V  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esm\u00e9e","family":"Bouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleara Biotech B.V  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter\u00a0L.\u00a0J.","family":"de Keizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleara Biotech B.V  Utrecht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry &amp; Advanced Diagnostics IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi\u2010Sant'Ambrogio  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8442-1763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Malavolta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Technology Center for Aging Research and Geriatric Mouse Clinic IRCCS INRCA  Ancona Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO) Universit\u00e0 Politecnica Delle Marche  Ancona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17453674.2016.1244750"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738113502296"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31138-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-016-1087-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Test\u2010Retest Reliability of Measurements of Hand\u2010Grip Strength Obtained by Dynamometry From Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Research in the PubMed Database","volume":"6","author":"Bohannon R. 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