{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:09:16Z","timestamp":1787501356476,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The term sarcopenia was introduced to describe the age\u2010related decline in muscle mass, but current definitions also include measures of muscle strength and function. Menopause increases sarcopenia risk and may exacerbate the adverse effects of physical inactivity. Exercise training is a potent stimulus to restore muscle health, and nutritional supplementation can further improve the outcomes. The purposes of this study were to examine the changes in a set of sarcopenia\u2010related phenotypes induced by a 14\u2010day step\u2010reduction period followed by a 12\u2010week exercise training programme, with or without fortified milk supplementation in healthy 40\u201360\u2010year\u2010old females, and to determine whether menopausal status interacted with these changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled randomized trial, females aged 40\u201360\u2009years were evaluated before and after 2\u2009weeks of reduced activity monitored through pedometer and after a subsequent 12\u2010week exercise\u2009+\u2009nutrition programme with ingestion of a fortified milk product (FMP) or placebo. Muscle volume (dual\u2010energy X\u2010ray absorptiometry [DXA] and peripheral quantitative computed tomography), handgrip (hydraulic handheld dynamometer), knee extensor and plantar flexor strength (isokinetic dynamometer) and a variety of physical function measures were assessed at all timepoints.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty\u2010three self\u2010reported healthy females (50.7\u2009\u00b1\u20095.3\u2009years; 52 postmenopausal) completed the reduced\u2010activity period, and 67 completed the subsequent exercise training\u2009+\u2009nutrition phase. At baseline, participants averaged 8323\u2009\u00b1\u20093077 daily steps and then decreased to 1876\u2009\u00b1\u2009729 during the reduced\u2010activity period. Mean sarcopenia outcomes declined after 2\u2009weeks of activity restriction, with significant changes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) in shank muscle cross\u2010sectional area (CSA) (67.7\u2009\u00b1\u20099.9 to 66.5\u2009\u00b1\u20099.9\u2009cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), handgrip strength (25.3\u2009\u00b1\u20095.0 to 24.0\u2009\u00b1\u20095.3\u2009kg), knee extensor peak torque (134.7\u2009\u00b1\u200936.2 to 122.7\u2009\u00b1\u200934.5\u2009Nm) and stair ascending time (3.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6 to 3.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6\u2009s) and power (367.6\u2009\u00b1\u200967.6 to 356.7\u2009\u00b1\u200967.7\u2009W), with no significant time\u2009\u00d7\u2009menopause interactions (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05 for all variables). All muscle mass, strength and function outcomes were not only improved after exercise training\u2009+\u2009nutrition but also significantly increased compared to preintervention baseline (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). No training\u2009\u00d7\u2009menopause or training\u2009\u00d7\u2009supplementation interactions were observed for any variable (both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two weeks of step reduction negatively affected muscle mass, strength and physical function in 40\u201360\u2010year\u2010old females. A 12\u2010week training programme including strength exercises and dietary supplementation not only recovered muscular health but also promoted improvements above the baseline before the physical activity restriction. Menopause status did not influence changes in response to step reduction or exercise, and the addition of a fortified milk product during the training period did not influence the induced adaptations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.70080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T03:59:27Z","timestamp":1762228767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Postinactivity Exercise Training Improves Sarcopenia Traits in 40\u201360\u2010Year\u2010Old Women Regardless of Fortified Milk Supplementation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5248-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Trezise","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Centre Southern Institute of Technology, Te P\u016bkenga  Southland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo\u00a0M.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition University of Bras\u00edlia  Bras\u00edlia Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education University of Bras\u00edlia  Bras\u00edlia Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally\u00a0D.","family":"Poppitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences The University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8881-3222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron\u00a0C.","family":"Fanning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fonterra Research and Development Centre  Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Devine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences  Joondalup WA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1664-1614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony\u00a0J.","family":"Blazevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences Edith Cowan University  Joondalup WA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2018.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afae052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000517099"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13263"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12757"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03439-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2018.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52014.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16372"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13115"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12547"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13678"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"186","article-title":"Changes in Muscle Mass and Strength After Menopause","volume":"9","author":"Maltais M. 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