{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:15:41Z","timestamp":1788344141080,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\u201016ESA AGBR\u20100013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\u201016ESA AGBR\u20100013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80JSC018P0078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80JSC018P0078"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003981","name":"Agenzia Spaziale Italiana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\u201013\u2010U.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\u201013\u2010U.0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003981","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GA2420\/1\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA2420\/1\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011690","name":"UK Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ST\/S0001735\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/S0001735\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011690","name":"UK Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ST\/T00066X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/T00066X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J cachexia sarcopenia muscle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Muscle atrophy and weakness are among the most detrimental consequences of disuse, microgravity, hospitalisation and ageing. Oxidative modifications of myofibrillar proteins generated by oxidative stress may contribute to the reduced force\u2010 and power\u2010generating capacity of skeletal muscles. As part of the 60\u2010day AGBRESA bed rest (BR) study, we studied (1) how microgravity\u2010induced disuse affected markers of systemic and muscle oxidative stress, (2) how these related to muscle function and (3) to what extent artificial gravity (AG) attenuated these changes. Since the myokine irisin may protect against muscle deterioration in disuse, we additionally assessed serum irisin levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixteen men and eight women (33\u2009\u00b1\u20099\u2009years) participated in the AGBRESA study. Participants were pseudorandomly assigned to a control group (BR only), or a continuous or intermittent centrifugation group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098 in each group) to assess the efficacy of daily 30\u2010min AG in attenuating the adverse effects of BR\u2010induced disuse. Muscle function, muscle protein carbonyls, serum irisin and key modulators of oxidative stress and cell protection in muscle and blood were assessed before, on Day 6, and at the end of BR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      BR caused a reduction in peak torque during maximal voluntary isometric knee extension and knee flexion (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\n                      <jats:bold>&lt;<\/jats:bold>\n                      \u20090.001) that was greater in women than in men (knee extension, w: \u221239.7\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5%, m: \u221225.1\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4%; knee flexion, w: \u221232.9\u2009\u00b1\u20094.5%, m: \u221210.2\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5%,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009\u2264<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.002) and faster electrically evoked twitch muscle contractions of plantar flexor and knee extensor muscles (half relaxation time and % peak rate of relaxation,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.003). AG attenuated the BR\u2010induced increase in evoked twitch contraction speed in the knee extensors (group\u2009\u00d7\u2009time interactions: half relaxation time,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009; % peak rate of relaxation,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.030), and the loss of evoked twitch peak torque of plantar flexors (AG\u2009\u2212\u200925%, Controls \u221248%, group\u2009\u00d7\u2009time interactions,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.020). Neither BR nor AG affected the circulating levels of systemic oxidative stress and muscle carbonyl concentration and serum irisin levels. However, participants with the highest serum irisin and brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor levels showed lower levels of 8\u2010iso\u2010PGF2\u03b1, a marker of systemic oxidative stress (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.486,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.019;\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.512,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.012, respectively) and circulating levels of the C\u2010terminal agrin fragment, a biomarker of neuromuscular junction fragmentation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AG exposure attenuated some of the BR\u2010induced changes in twitch contractile properties. Neither BR nor AG induced significant alterations in systemic oxidative stress, or muscle protein carbonylation, suggesting that the main contribution to the BR\u2010induced loss of muscle strength during the AGBRESA study was not oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.70250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:17:51Z","timestamp":1774419471000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Muscle Weakness and the Irisin\u2013BDNF and Oxidative Stress Axis in the 60\u2010Day Pseudorandomised Controlled AGBRESA Bed Rest Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8651-818X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bosutti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste  Trieste Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bergita","family":"Ganse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovative Implant Development (Fracture Healing), Departments and Institutes of Surgery Saarland University  Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Centre (DLR) Institute of Aerospace Medicine  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science University Konstanz  Konstanz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Venegas\u2010Carro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Medical Informatics T\u00fcbingen University Hospital  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Zange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Centre (DLR) Institute of Aerospace Medicine  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"Rittweger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Centre (DLR) Institute of Aerospace Medicine  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Eggelbusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Professorship of Exercise Biology, Department Health and Sport Sciences, TUM School of Medicine and Health Technical University of Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob\u00a0C.\u00a0I.","family":"W\u00fcst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Hendrickse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster Medical School Lancaster University  Lancaster UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Degens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"},{"name":"Institute of Sport Science and Innovations Lithuanian Sports University  Kaunas Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.18.3201"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91130.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP092345"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010020\u201004333\u20105"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"267","article-title":"Effects of Oxidation on the Power of Chemically Skinned Rat Soleus Fibres","volume":"10","author":"Gilliver S. 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