{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T03:25:01Z","timestamp":1777433101458,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,14]],"date-time":"2013-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Chemical Tech &amp;amp; Biotech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Produced water is generated in huge volumes from oil and gas production facilities. Different alternatives including physical, chemical, and biological methods can be applied for the treatment of produced waters. In this study, different pre\u2010treatment alternatives used before a final nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane system were evaluated. A membrane bioreactor and pressurized microfiltration and ultrafiltration systems were used in the pre\u2010treatment stage.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>According to the results, the highest flux was obtained by the combination of ultrafiltration\/microfiltration and nanofiltration; whereas, the maximum removal efficiencies for conductivity and chemical oxygen demand were obtained by the combination of membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis systems.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>The results of this study show that the emphasis should be placed on applying the right combination of membrane treatment processes instead of focusing only on pre\u2010 or final treatment units. \u00a9 2012 Society of Chemical Industry<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.4007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]],"date-time":"2012-11-30T13:31:15Z","timestamp":1354282275000},"page":"1576-1583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Effects of the pre\u2010treatment alternatives on the treatment of oil\u2010gas field produced water by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Hale","family":"Ozgun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering Faculty Istanbul Technical University  34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Watermanagement, Section Sanitary Engineering Delft University of Technology  PO Box\u00a05048 2600 GA Delft The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mustafa 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