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The twin testosterone transfer hypothesis suggests that girls with a twin brother are exposed to higher levels of prenatal testosterone than girls with a twin sister, and that increased testosterone exposure masculinizes neural development and increases autistic traits. Postnatally, siblings may provide example behaviour, which could reduce autistic traits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied pre\u2010 and postnatal influences of twin and non\u2010twin siblings on mother and teacher\u2010reported autistic traits in 7714 dizygotic twins. We examined the effect of sex of the proband child and of the siblings. We fitted regression models (for boys and girls separately) with sex of co\u2010twin and having older and\/or younger siblings of each sex as predictors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Girls' mother\u2010reported autistic traits were slightly lower for those with a twin brother than those with a twin sister (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212.08, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .001, Cohen's <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212.13). This difference was not replicated in teacher\u2010reported autistic traits (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = .01, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.734). Boys' (mother and teacher\u2010reported) autistic traits were not related to the sex of their co\u2010twin (<jats:italic>ps<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.50). Teacher\u2010reported autistic traits were slightly higher if girls had an older brother (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = .07, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .013, Cohen's <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.12). Other than this small effect, we found no effect of non\u2010twin siblings on autistic traits in either girls or boys (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>s\u00a0&gt;\u00a0.18).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We did not find increased autistic traits in girls with a twin brother compared to girls with a twin sister. This finding contributes to a body of literature that rejects the twin testosterone transfer hypothesis. In addition, we found little evidence for pre\u2010 and postnatal sibling influences. Our findings align with high heritability and absence of shared\u2010environmental influences in\u00a0ASD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T20:06:21Z","timestamp":1648152381000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["No effects of siblings and twin testosterone transfer on autistic traits"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7318-6155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie M.","family":"de Wit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0572-6893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sander","family":"Begeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2015-1888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel G.","family":"Nivard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Biological Psychology Vrije Universiteit van Amsterdam and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5860-5745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsje","family":"van Bergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Biological Psychology Vrije Universiteit van Amsterdam and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"LEARN! 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