{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:55:57Z","timestamp":1791561357567,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCPP Advances"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A key question for any psychopathological diagnosis is whether the condition is continuous or discontinuous with typical variation. The primary objective of this study was to use a multi\u2010method approach to examine the broad latent categorical versus dimensional structure of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were aggregated across seven independent samples of participants with ASD, other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), and non\u2010ASD\/NDD controls (aggregate <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>s\u00a0=\u00a0512\u201316,755; ages 1.5\u201322). Scores from four distinct phenotype measures formed composite \u201cindicators\u201d of the latent ASD construct. The primary indicator set included eye gaze metrics from seven distinct social stimulus paradigms. Logistic regressions were used to combine gaze metrics within\/across paradigms, and derived predicted probabilities served as indicator values. Secondary indicator sets were constructed from clinical observation and parent\u2010report measures of ASD symptoms. Indicator sets were submitted to taxometric\u2010 and latent class analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Across all indicator sets and analytic methods, there was strong support for categorical structure corresponding closely to ASD diagnosis. Consistent with notions of substantial phenotypic heterogeneity, the ASD category had a wide range of symptom severity. Despite the examination of a large sample with a wide range of IQs in both genders, males and children with lower IQ were over\u2010represented in the ASD category, similar to observations in diagnosed cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings provide strong support for categorical structure corresponding closely to ASD diagnosis. The present results bolster the use of well\u2010diagnosed and representative ASD groups within etiologic and clinical research, motivating the ongoing search for major drivers of the ASD phenotype. Despite the categorical structure of ASD, quantitative symptom measurements appear more useful for examining relationships with other factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T11:28:38Z","timestamp":1676978918000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Categorical versus dimensional structure of autism spectrum disorder: A multi\u2010method investigation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6951-2667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Frazier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology John Carroll University  University Heights Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9360-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lacey","family":"Chetcuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre School of Psychology and Public Health La Trobe University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fouad A.","family":"Al\u2010Shaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Disorders Research Center Qatar Biomedical Research Institute Hamad Bin Khalifa University  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Haslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Ghazal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Disorders Research Center Qatar Biomedical Research Institute Hamad Bin Khalifa University  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric W.","family":"Klingemier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caregiver Experience Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Aldosari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Institute Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J. 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