{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T02:13:26Z","timestamp":1790648006911,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003748","name":"Svenska S\u00e4llskapet f\u00f6r Medicinsk Forskning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD20\u20100036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD20\u20100036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003792","name":"Hj\u00e4rnfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det om H\u00e4lsa, Arbetsliv och V\u00e4lf\u00e4rd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institutet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCPP Advances"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co\u2010occurs with other psychiatric and physical diseases. However, available evidence on associations between ADHD and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is mixed. To systematically review, quantitatively synthesize, and appraise available evidence on the link between ADHD with CVDs, we searched relevant articles in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and Web of Science from inception to May 1, 2022. Study quality was assessed by using the Newcastle\u2010Ottawa Scale, and random\u2010effects model meta\u2010analyses were performed. A total of 18,391,169 (ADHD: <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0421,224) individuals from 11 studies were included in our systematic review and 8,196,648 (ADHD\u00a0=\u00a0332,619) individuals from five studies were included in the main meta\u2010analysis of adjusted estimates. Pooled estimates showed that ADHD was significantly associated with an increased risk of CVDs in analyses based on adjusted effect size (odds ratio (OR)\u00a0=\u00a01.96; 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0=\u00a01.19\u20132.23, <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0140.74, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>Q<\/jats:sub>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a097.2%). When restricted among adults, the heterogeneity declined to null (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.73; 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a01.14\u20132.62, <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06.28, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>Q<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a00.10, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a06.28%), suggesting age might be the main source of heterogeneity. In subgroup analyses, we found increased risk of CVDs associated with ADHD across age groups, type of CVDs, and data sources. This systematic review and meta\u2010analyses indicate that ADHD is associated with increased risk for CVDs, but further studies with various study designs are warranted to advance the understanding of the underlying mechanisms for the observed association between ADHD and CVDs. Additional research is also needed to resolve the role of ADHD medications which remains unclear due to the limited number of primary studies exploring this issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T07:04:19Z","timestamp":1680678259000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-4574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences \u00d6rebro University  \u00d6rebro Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honghui","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Garcia\u2010Argibay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences \u00d6rebro University  \u00d6rebro Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3427-0792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebba","family":"Du Rietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabell","family":"Brikell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4877-7233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Solmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Ottawa  Ottawa Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health The Ottawa Hospital  Ottawa Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program University of Ottawa  Ottawa Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Innovation in Mental Health\u2010Developmental Lab School of Psychology University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuele","family":"Cortese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovation in Mental Health\u2010Developmental Lab School of Psychology University of Southampton  Southampton UK"},{"name":"Solent NHS Trust  Southampton UK"},{"name":"Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone New York University Child Study Center  New York Hampshire USA"},{"name":"Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology School of Medicine University of Nottingham  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Antoni","family":"Ramos\u2010Quiroga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatric Genetics Unit Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addiction Vall d\u2019Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ribas\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM)  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatric Genetics Unit Group of Psychiatry Mental Health and Addiction Vall d\u2019Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics Faculty of Biology Universitat de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences \u00d6rebro University  \u00d6rebro Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10641960601013682"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054719865779"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(17)31869\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.12.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469\u20107610.00424"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104662"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.156554"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204516"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2009.163"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413518582"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402\u2010012\u20100075\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20994"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20420"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104592"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15020266"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215\u20100366(18)30224\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780091214"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054707310878"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002742"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930221108272"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215\u20100366(21)00171\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886\u2010020\u20101273\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933\u2010018\u20100728\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.05.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144542"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz849"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017\u20101645"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.214"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109132"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105076"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i17.2420"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxx207"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1830"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht462"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944\u2010020\u201001204\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787\u2010019\u201001344\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.19325"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716669589"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003960"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892\u2010019\u20101174\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12086"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa273"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713\u201020180612\u201001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa040"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.07.284"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","unstructured":"Li L L. Z. Yao H. Garcia\u2010Argibay M. Du Rietz E. Brikell I. Cortese S. Chang Z. &Larsson H.(2021).The associations between ADHD and cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787\u2010018\u20101217\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1441.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","first-page":"2529","volume-title":"The global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors: 2020 and beyond","author":"Mensah G. A.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001440"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883\u2010020\u20100829\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1551"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl338"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/apd.298929"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703\u2010200508000\u201000011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317703827"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000000973"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916\u2010014\u20100182\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578\u2010015\u20100578\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12261"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circoutcomes.110.959247"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2021.21010031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5784"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/nmd.0000000000000191"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.12ac08227"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886\u2010016\u20100800\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2017.1334066"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20252"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","unstructured":"Wells G. Shea B. O'Connell D. Peterson j. Welch V. &Losos M.(2000).The newcastle\u2013ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of non\u2010randomized studies in meta\u2010analysis."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125\u2010012\u20102677\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0001193"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.16.2138"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.43597"}],"container-title":["JCPP Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcv2.12158","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T18:40:45Z","timestamp":1760640045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcv2.12158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcv2.12158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcv2.12158","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2692-9384","2692-9384"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2692-9384","type":"print"},{"value":"2692-9384","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"article-number":"e12158"}}