{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:31:51Z","timestamp":1787653911531,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCPP Advances"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research and clinical practice rely heavily on caregiver\u2010report measures, such as the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5\u20135 (CBCL\/1.5\u20105), to gather information about early childhood behavior problems and to screen for child psychopathology. While studies have shown that demographic variables influence caregiver ratings of behavior problems, the extent to which the CBCL\/1.5\u20105 functions equivalently at the item level across diverse samples is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Item\u2010level data of CBCL\/1.5\u20105 from a large sample of young children (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a09087) were drawn from 26 cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes program. Factor analyses and the alignment method were applied to examine measurement invariance (MI) and differential item functioning (DIF) across child (age, sex, bilingual status, and neurodevelopmental disorders), and caregiver (sex, education level, household income level, depression, and language version administered) characteristics. Child race was examined in sensitivity analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Items with the most impactful DIF across child and caregiver groupings were identified for Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems. The robust item sets, excluding the high DIF items, showed good reliability and high correlation with the original Internalizing and Total Problems scales, with lower reliability for Externalizing. Language version of CBCL administration, education level and sex of the caregiver respondent showed the most significant impact on MI, followed by child age. Sensitivity analyses revealed that child race has a unique impact on DIF over and above socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CBCL\/1.5\u20105, a caregiver\u2010report measure of early childhood behavior problems, showed bias across demographic groups. Robust item sets with less DIF can measure Internalizing and Total Problems equally as well as the full item sets, with slightly lower reliability for Externalizing, and can be crosswalked to the metric of the full item set, enabling calculation of normed T scores based on more robust item sets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:49:00Z","timestamp":1695257340000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Measurement bias in caregiver\u2010report of early childhood behavior problems across demographic factors in an ECHO\u2010wide diverse sample"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0821-2716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuting","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Mansolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Social Sciences Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie L.","family":"Churchill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Traci A.","family":"Bekelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Colorado School of Public Health  Aurora CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Emory University  Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy E.","family":"Margolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York State Psychiatric Institute  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara S.","family":"Nozadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Environmental Health College of Pharmacy Health Sciences Center University of New Mexico  Albuquerque NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa M.","family":"Bastain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences University of Southern California  Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy J.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avera Research Institute  Sioux Falls SD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaja Z.","family":"LeWinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Hofheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Division of Neonatal\u2010Perinatal Medicine North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie D.","family":"Leve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevention Science Institute University of Oregon  Eugene OR USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Rennie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center Department of Pediatrics Center for Development and Disability University of New Mexico Navajo Birth Cohort Study Albuquerque NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Sciences &amp; 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