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Negative environmental influences in youth may interfere with the extensive and dynamic brain development occurring at this time. Indeed, there are numerous yet diverging reports of associations between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and child cortical brain morphometry. Most of these studies have used single metric\u2010 or unimodal analyses of standard cortical morphometry that downplay the probable scenario where numerous biological pathways\n                      <jats:italic>in sum<\/jats:italic>\n                      account for SES\u2010related cortical differences in youth.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To comprehensively capture such variability, using data from 9758 children aged 8.9\u201311.1\u00a0years from the ABCD Study\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      , we employed linked independent component analysis (LICA) and fused vertex\u2010wise cortical thickness, surface area, curvature and grey\u2010\/white\u2010matter contrast (GWC). LICA revealed 70 uni\u2010 and multimodal components. We then assessed the linear relationships between parental education, parental income and each of the cortical components, controlling for age, sex, genetic ancestry, and family relatedness. We also assessed whether cortical structure moderated the negative relationships between parental SES and child general psychopathology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parental education and income were both associated with larger surface area and higher GWC globally, in addition to local increases in surface area and to a lesser extent bidirectional GWC and cortical thickness patterns. The negative relation between parental income and child psychopathology were attenuated in children with a multimodal pattern of larger frontal\u2010 and smaller occipital surface area, and lower medial occipital thickness and GWC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Structural brain MRI is sensitive to SES diversity in childhood, with GWC emerging as a particularly relevant marker together with surface area. In low\u2010income families, having a more developed cortex across MRI metrics, appears beneficial for mental health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T04:55:34Z","timestamp":1707281734000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Parental education and income are linked to offspring cortical brain structure and psychopathology at 9\u201311\u00a0years"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7489-2724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linn B.","family":"Norbom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PROMENTA Research Center Department of Psychology University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"NORMENT Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Rokicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NORMENT Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Centre of Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3444-4251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Espen M.","family":"Eilertsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROMENTA Research Center Department of Psychology University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thea","family":"Wiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROMENTA Research Center Department of Psychology University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"NORMENT Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatric Research Diakonhjemmet Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Learning Research and Development Center University of Pittsburgh  Pennsylvania Pittsburgh USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh  Pennsylvania Pittsburgh USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Dahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NORMENT Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dag","family":"Aln\u00e6s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NORMENT Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Pedagogy and Law Kristiania University College  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010Cabello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NORMENT Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dani","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PROMENTA Research Center Department of Psychology University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"NORMENT Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatric Research Diakonhjemmet Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Agartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NORMENT Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatric Research Diakonhjemmet Hospital  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"K.G Jebsen Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet &amp; 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