{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:37:45Z","timestamp":1790181465965,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["278367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["278367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCPP Advances"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tourette syndrome (TS) is associated with neuropsychiatric comorbidities, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Even though comorbidities are the main source of impairment in individuals with TS, family aggregation between TS and other neuropsychiatric disorders has been little explored. We therefore investigated associations of tic severity in probands with symptoms of ASD, ADHD, and ODD in their siblings and the influence of tic severity, age, and sex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample of the present study stems from the European Multicenter Tics in Children Study (EMTICS), a longitudinal observational study, with the present subsample of 196 probands with TS and their 220 full siblings (54.1% girls). We analyzed associations of probands\u2019 tic severity with ASD, ADHD, and ODD symptoms in their siblings using generalized linear mixed\u2010effect negative binomial regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher tic severity in probands was associated with higher scores of ASD symptoms in their siblings (IRR\u00a0=\u00a01.48, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.03\u20132.12, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.034); after excluding the three items in the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire linked to stereotypies (that may be misinterpreted as tic\u2010like behaviors; IRR\u00a0=\u00a01.44 [95% CI] 0.99\u20132.09, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.057) the effect size remained similar, yet reaching only near\u2010significance. Moreover, we demonstrated a significant interaction between probands\u2019 tic severity and sex upon siblings\u2019 symptoms of ADHD and ODD. Female siblings of probands with higher tic severity displayed more symptoms of ADHD and ODD, whereas this effect was absent in male siblings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This multicenter study demonstrated a link between probands\u2019 current tic severity and siblings\u2019 neuropsychiatric symptoms. Our study suggests a familial link between TS and ASD\u2010like symptoms, competencies as well as sex\u2010specific associations with ADHD and ODD symptoms in female siblings. The current study sheds light on a broader family tendency and highlights the need for targeted prevention in this vulnerable population. Our findings, however, call for further studies to better understand the genetic and environmental aggregation of influences between individuals with TS, ADHD, and ODD and their siblings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T06:40:22Z","timestamp":1726814422000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Neuropsychiatric symptoms in siblings of children with Tourette syndrome in the EMTICS study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Olga","family":"Sidiropoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Glaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4337-307X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Hagstr\u00f8m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Mental Health Services CPH  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Setareh","family":"Ranjbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research in Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology Department of Psychiatry Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry Catania University  Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"EMTICS collaborative group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter J.","family":"Hoekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Accare Child Study Center  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Accare Child Study Center  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5233-6145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerstin J.","family":"Plessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Medicine University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018\u20100134"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"Association A. 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