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In contrast, autism (which frequently co\u2010occurs with ADHD) is associated with lower generativity, and perseverative responses during problem\u2010solving. Little is known about how ADHD and autism traits\u2014or broader heritable autism and ADHD phenotypes\u2014associate with problem\u2010solving skills in early childhood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      129 UK 2\u2010 and 3\u2010year\u2010olds (exploratory dataset) and 74 Swedish 3\u2010year\u2010olds (confirmatory dataset) with and without a family history (FH) of ADHD and autism, completed a problem\u2010solving task. Parents reported on their 3\u2010year\u2010olds\u2019 ADHD and autism traits using the Child Behaviour Checklist and Social Responsiveness Scale\u20102. FH group differences in problem\u2010solving performance were tested using ANOVA (exploratory dataset, FH\u2010autism and FH\u2010ADHD as fixed factors) and\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test (confirmatory and combined datasets split by FH\u2010ADHD). Linear regressions of problem\u2010solving success on autism\/ADHD traits were run in both samples.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with peers with no FH\u2010ADHD, children with FH\u2010ADHD showed higher problem\u2010solving success at 2 (partial\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.106) and 3\u00a0years (partial\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.045) in the exploratory dataset. In the confirmatory dataset, a FH\u2010ADHD\u2010and\u2010autism group trended towards higher success scores compared with a no\u2010FH\u2010ADHD group (comprising FH\u2010autism\u2010only and no\u2010FH ADHD\u2010or\u2010autism sub\u2010groups) but scores were only significantly higher for children with FH\u2010ADHD\u2010and\u2010autism when compared with children with no FH\u2010ADHD\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>or\u2010autism<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.977). ADHD (but not autism) traits were positively associated with problem\u2010solving performance in the exploratory (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.212,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.031) and combined samples (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.173,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.024). Effects were a consistent direction and magnitude, but not significant, in the confirmatory sample alone (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.201,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.103).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Considering a child's family history alongside their neurodivergent traits may help to identify their likely strengths, and how to access them: Children with ADHD traits and\/or a family history of ADHD are likely to have an aptitude for generative problem\u2010solving when presented with highly motivating, ecologically valid challenges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.70009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T22:38:56Z","timestamp":1741819136000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Family history of ADHD associates with stronger problem\u2010solving skills amongst 2\u2010 to 3\u2010year\u2010olds"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1985-2521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Hendry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5747-9540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily J. 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