{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T11:56:19Z","timestamp":1776426979329,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007793","name":"Stiftelsen Kristian Gerhard Jebsen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKGJ\u2010MED\u2010021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKGJ\u2010MED\u2010021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001320","name":"Wolfson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["517483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["517483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"Helse S\u00f8r-\u00d8st RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"Helse S\u00f8r-\u00d8st RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"Helse S\u00f8r-\u00d8st RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR\u2010FS(A)\u20102022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR\u2010FS(A)\u20102022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["336085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["336085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCPP Advances"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression is a highly heterogeneous condition. Depression with an onset in childhood and early adolescence has a worse clinical course, is more heritable, and shows a lower genetic correlation with other depression subtypes, than does later\u2010onset depression. It is also more strongly associated with neurodevelopmental (ND) comorbidities and genetic liability to attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder. Thus, we hypothesised that early\u2010onset depression represents a distinctive \u2018neurodevelopmental\u2019 depression subtype associated with an increased burden of rare copy number variants (CNVs) that are enriched in ND conditions. We tested this hypothesis using four population cohorts across the UK, Norway, and Sweden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants were ascertained from four population cohorts across the UK, Norway, and Sweden. Early\u2010onset depression was defined as a score &gt;11 on the self\u2010reported Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire between ages 10 and 14\u00a0years (cases\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a05994 vs. controls\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a026,388) and, for secondary analyses, using ICD\u201010 criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) with onset\u00a014\u00a0years (cases\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0856 vs. controls\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a096,769). Carriers of large, rare (&gt;500\u00a0kb, &lt;1% frequency) CNVs and known ND CNVs were identified. Primary analyses tested associations between early\u2010onset depression and (i) large, rare CNVs, and (ii) ND CNVs. Secondary analyses investigated parent\u2010reported measures of early\u2010onset depression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Meta\u2010analysis did not identify any robust associations between early\u2010onset depression (SMFQ\u2010defined) and large, rare CNVs (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.92 [95% CI\u00a0=\u00a00.84\u20131.02],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.12) or ND CNVs (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.06 [0.85\u20131.31],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.60). No robust associations were observed between early\u2010onset depression, defined using ICD\u201010 MDD criteria, and large rare CNVs (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.08 [0.86\u20131.36],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.49) or ND CNVs (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.69 [0.34\u20131.39],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.30).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings did not support the hypothesis that individuals with early\u2010onset depression show enrichment for large, rare or known ND CNVs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.70128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T11:10:39Z","timestamp":1776424239000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of rare copy number variants in early\u2010onset depression"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7493-2041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte A.","family":"Dennison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ida","family":"S\u00f8nderby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Centre for Precision Psychiatry Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Garcia\u2010Argibay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental EPI Lab Centre for Innovation in Mental Health Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Southampton  Southampton UK"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health \u00d6rebro University  \u00d6rebro Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1599-1209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1412-5413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Shakeshaft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5124-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Riglin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elliott","family":"Rees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"O\u2019Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6851-3297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health \u00d6rebro University  \u00d6rebro Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Andreassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Precision Psychiatry Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Havdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Research Departement Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Promenta Research Centre Department of Psychology University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8911-3479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3689-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Thapar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.14.6.495"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"237","article-title":"Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Angold A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562\u2010022\u201001482\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.4080"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaa115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1922"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2020.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380\u2010022\u201001536\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3092"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578\u2010019\u201000869\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.06.23.496289"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114556"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588\u2010022\u201001104\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051\u20105545.2011.tb00061.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107610.2000.tb02345.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398\u2010020\u20100848\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468\u20102667(17)30118\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.3.215"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0566"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOPSYCH.2016.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32685"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4166"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220906"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15132.1","article-title":"The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC): An update on the enrolled sample of index children in 2019","author":"Northstone K.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"The Biobank of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study\u2014Present status","volume":"24","author":"Paltiel L.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Norsk Epidemiologi"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09146"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.131052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3338"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720000665"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588\u2010025\u201002396\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380\u2010021\u201001161\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1610"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201045774\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.1453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830190049005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215\u20100366(20)30569\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215\u20100366(21)00281\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(10)61109\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2011.0032"}],"container-title":["JCPP Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcv2.70128","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jcv2.70128","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jcv2.70128","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T11:10:40Z","timestamp":1776424240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcv2.70128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jcv2.70128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcv2.70128","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2692-9384","2692-9384"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2692-9384","type":"print"},{"value":"2692-9384","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"article-number":"e70128"}}