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University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007709","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007270","name":"University of Michigan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCPP Advances"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple dimensions of parenting\u2013including hostility, conflict, and warmth\u2013are associated with an array of mental disorders in youth. We tested two possible explanations for these associations: Parenting may shape a shared liability to experience many forms of psychopathology (\u201cshared\u2010liability\u201d hypothesis), or parenting may shape unique liabilities to externalizing and internalizing psychopathology (\u201cunique\u2010liability\u201d hypothesis).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants were from the Early Growth and Development Study (EGDS;\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0561 adoptive families) and the Michigan Twin Neurogenetics Study (MTwiNS;\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0354 twin families). In EGDS, we measured parental hostility and warmth at child age 27\u00a0months. In MTwiNS, we measured parent\u2010child conflict and parental involvement at child mean age 8.1\u00a0years. We extracted shared and unique liabilities from child\u2010psychopathology data using structural equation models. We tested whether parenting longitudinally predicted psychopathology, and to what extent associations between parenting and children's externalizing and internalizing psychopathology liabilities were explained by associations with a general psychopathology liability (\u201cp\u201d). We addressed genetic confounding by testing associations of adoptive parents' parenting with psychopathology in their genetically unrelated children, and by using a twin\u2010difference design.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across ages and cohorts, parenting characterized by hostility and conflict was associated with greater p, consistent with the shared\u2010liability hypothesis. Also consistent, parental warmth was associated with lower p in middle and late childhood in EGDS participants, though parental involvement was not associated with p in adolescent MTwiNS participants. There was limited support for the unique\u2010liability hypothesis; only one association (with externalizing psychopathology) remained after accounting for p. In childhood, but not adolescence, findings remained after accounting for genetic confounding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parenting behaviors, particularly hostility and conflict, are associated with children's broad vulnerability to psychopathology, and these associations are evident in childhood even after controlling for genetic influences. These findings support parenting interventions as a means to reduce children's liability to diverse mental\u2010health problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.70134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T04:44:47Z","timestamp":1780721087000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Disentangling shared and unique effects of parenting on psychopathology: Evidence from two prospective, genetically sensitive cohort studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6695-1026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah S.","family":"Richmond\u2010Rakerd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Khalifeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5538-7431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. 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