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We aimed to identify parenting stress trajectories involving children aged 1\u00a0month to 3\u00a0years, and to determine their perinatal predictors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were obtained from 3133 mothers in the Tokyo Teen Cohort (TTC), a population\u2010based cohort of children born between 2002 and 2004. Parenting stress was self\u2010recorded in the Maternal and Child Health Handbook (MCHH) at eight time points between 1 and 36\u00a0months postpartum. Latent class growth analysis identified trajectories; multivariate multinomial logistic regression analyzed baseline predictors from the MCHH or the TTC first wave.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Five distinct trajectories were identified: consistently low (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01,691, 54.0%), consistently high (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0158, 5.0%), consistently moderately high (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0719, 22.9%), high\u2010decreasing (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0299, 9.5%), and low\u2010increasing (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0266, 8.5%). Compared with the consistently low group, primiparity predicted all trajectories with initially high stress: consistently high (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13\u20132.37), consistently moderately high (aOR 1.92, 95% CI 1.57\u20132.35), and high\u2010decreasing (aOR 1.87, 95% CI 1.38\u20132.54). Preterm birth also predicted the consistently high trajectory (aOR 2.38, 95% CI 1.31\u20134.32). Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.06\u20131.67) and male sex (aOR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66\u20130.97) predicted the consistently moderately high trajectory. High maternal education (aOR 1.58, 95% CI 0.99\u20132.52) tended to predict the low\u2010increasing trajectory. Maternal age, chronic health conditions, smoking during pregnancy, single\u2010parent household, and history of infertility treatment were not significant predictors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parenting stress follows heterogenous trajectories, necessitating repeated assessments during the first 3\u00a0years. Integrating systematic, self\u2010recorded screenings into routine check\u2010ups could facilitate the timely identification of evolving stress patterns. Recognizing early predictors, including primiparity and preterm birth, can further assist in identifying mothers warranting closer longitudinal monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.70154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:27:31Z","timestamp":1787725651000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perinatal predictors of parenting stress trajectories during the first 3\u00a0years of parenthood: A Maternal and Child Health Handbook cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Nao","family":"Oikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Juntendo University  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Social Science &amp; Medicine Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6886-5156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariko","family":"Hosozawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health Policy Research Bureau of Global Health Cooperation Japan Institute for Health Security  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syudo","family":"Yamasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Social Science &amp; 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