{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:57:11Z","timestamp":1790686631667,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003513","name":"University of Surrey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003513","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCPP Advances"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Neurodevelopmental conditions often emerge early in life and have substantial genetic influences. There are significant genetic correlations between neurodevelopmental conditions, such as between autism spectrum disorder (Autism) and attention deficit\u2010hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and they are listed together in diagnostic manuals. Here we assess whether there is a single underlying genetic neurodevelopmental (\u2018\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2019) factor for neurodevelopmental conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genetic summary statistics of neurodevelopmental conditions, or their proxy traits, were used to model the genetic relationship between neurodevelopmental conditions. Summary statistics contain the effect sizes of each variant's association with a neurodevelopmental condition from a genome\u2010wide association study. Single and multiple common factor models were fitted to the data using genomic structural equation modelling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single common factor model did not provide a good fit for the genetic architecture of neurodevelopmental conditions. A two\u2010factor model fitted the data best. It was also found that the common genetic variation associated with a trait representing motor development, namely age at onset of walking, was negatively and positively associated with ADHD and Autism, respectively, suggesting some genetic differentiation between these two common neurodevelopmental conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results provide insight into the genetic architecture of neurodevelopmental conditions and their inter\u2010related structure. Data on measured common genetic variation, as discovered from recent genome\u2010wide association studies, does not support the hypothesis that all neurodevelopmental conditions fall into a single \u2018\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2019 factor.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.70168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:11:37Z","timestamp":1790683897000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multivariate genetic analyses test for the presence of a general \u2018\n                    <i>n<\/i>\n                    \u2019 factor underlying neurodevelopmental conditions"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7533-4483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan James","family":"Morgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Faculty of Health &amp; Medical Sciences University of Surrey  Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7257-6119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Malanchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2314-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elise B.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9576-2176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelica","family":"Ronald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Faculty of Health &amp; Medical Sciences University of Surrey  Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02294359"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13481"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.107.2.238"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"EQS structural equations program manual","author":"Bentler P. 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