{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T22:43:06Z","timestamp":1774046586700,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dental Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Major pandemics have tremendous effects on society. They precipitated the early decline of the Western Roman Empire and helped spread Christianity. There are countless such examples of infectious diseases altering the course of history. The impact of epidemics on education however is less well documented. This present historical account of the past 800 years looks specifically at how some aspects of education were shaped from the early medieval epidemics such as leprosy and the Black Plague to the Spanish Flu and COVID\u201019. Leprosy changed religious education, and the Black Plague may have contributed to the rise of medical schools, hospitals, public health education, and led to the implementation of lazarettos and the quarantine. The smallpox epidemic helped usher in public health education for immunization, while the 1918 Spanish Flu precipitated the rise of education by correspondence, and recently COVID\u201019 has catapulted remote digital learning to the forefront of higher education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.12615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T02:18:28Z","timestamp":1618885108000},"page":"741-746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pandemics and education: A historical review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Andrew I.","family":"Spielman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathobiology College of Dentistry, New York University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gulshan","family":"Sunavala\u2010Dossabhoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Louisiana State University Health Center  Shreveport Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","article-title":"Antonine plague","author":"Horgan J","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ancient History Encyclopedia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","volume-title":"Plagues and Peoples","author":"McNeill WH","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801814457","volume-title":"Venice, a Maritime Republic","author":"Lane FC","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","unstructured":"FracastoroG.De contagione et contagiosis morbis. 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