{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:17:54Z","timestamp":1790198274836,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dental Education"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As artificial intelligence (AI) tools gain traction in healthcare, their role in periodontal diagnostics remains largely unexplored. This study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of ChatGPT\u20104 in applying the 2017 Classification of Periodontal and Peri\u2010Implant Diseases and Conditions compared to US dental school faculty, with the goal of exploring its potential in dental education and clinical decision\u2010making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty clinical periodontal cases were assessed. Five full\u2010time, non\u2010periodontal dental school faculty members reviewed the 2017 Classification System and completed a Qualtrics\u2010based survey, diagnosing each case by extent, stage, and grade. Diagnoses were compared to reference standards established by two board\u2010certified periodontists. ChatGPT\u20104 was independently prompted with the same clinical information. Diagnostic accuracy was analyzed using McNemar's test and hierarchical binary logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two faculty members significantly outperformed ChatGPT\u20104 in overall diagnostic accuracy (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01), with one also outperforming the model in grading. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the group performance of dentists and ChatGPT\u20104 across diagnostic categories. The group of dentists achieved an overall accuracy of 75%, while ChatGPT\u20104 achieved 63.3%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChatGPT\u20104 demonstrated comparable diagnostic performance to dentists in applying the 2017 periodontal classification system. While not a domain\u2010specific tool, its accessibility and moderate accuracy suggest potential as a supplemental educational and clinical support resource in dentistry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.70197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T12:02:40Z","timestamp":1772971360000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Periodontal Diagnosis: A Comparative Evaluation of ChatGPT\u20104 and Dental Educators"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Ellie Y.","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kobe A.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zabihulla","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry University of Illinois Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Bender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry University of California  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Finkelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine Tufts University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Mintline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dental Medicine Western University of Health Sciences  Pomona California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Parad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine Tufts University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Porto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dental Medicine Midwestern University  Glendale Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine","family":"C. Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene School of Dentistry The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditya","family":"Tadinada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine University of Connecticut  Farmington Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Dental Hygiene School of Dentistry The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Mehrotra N.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0721"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.18-0006"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Implementation of the 2017 Classification of Periodontal and Peri\u2010Implant Diseases by Clinical Dental Hygienists","volume":"99","author":"Li Q.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Dental Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"A.Glick J.Garza N.Manila andJ.Chang \u201cAI in the Dental Practice\u2014Applications for Orthodontics \u201dOrthodontic Practice US published November 4 2024 https:\/\/orthopracticeus.com\/ce\u2010articles\/clinical\u2010implementation\u2010of\u2010ai\u2010systems\u2010in\u2010orthodontics\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04617-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooac031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.13524"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.20-0825"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.13037"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"The New System for Classification of Periodontal and Peri\u2010Implant Disease: A Questionnaire Study of Implementation by Swedish Dental Hygienists","volume":"22","author":"Malmqvist S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Dental Hygiene"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"815","article-title":"Evaluating the Performance and Implementation of the 2018 Classification of Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review and Survey","volume":"52","author":"West N. X.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Periodontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13965"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030520"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073459"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520969115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2018.48.2.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10071269"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12937"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.105690"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_873_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. L.Blodgett S.Barocas H.Daum\u00e9III andH.Wallach \u201cLanguage (Technology) Is Power: A Critical Survey of \u201cBias\u201d in NLP \u201d inProceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics eds.D.Jurafsky J.Chai N.Schluter J.Tetreault(Association for Computational Linguistics 2020) 5454\u20135476.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.485"}],"container-title":["Journal of Dental Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jdd.70197","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jdd.70197","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jdd.70197","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T12:02:41Z","timestamp":1772971361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jdd.70197"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jdd.70197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jdd.70197","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0337","1930-7837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0337","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-7837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jdd.70197"}}