{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:57:19Z","timestamp":1791287839553,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dental Education"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate whether an artificial intelligence (AI)\u2010supported learning tool can enhance students\u2019 confidence, understanding, and overall experience in removable partial denture (RPD) design. The study also explored student perceptions of AI within dental education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A mixed\u2010methods study was conducted involving Undergraduate Dental Technology and Prosthetics students and Undergraduate and Postgraduate Dentistry students with prior training in RPD design. Of the 40 students invited to participate, 35 completed the study. Participants independently completed conventional RPD designs before using an AI\u2010assisted RPD design tool that generated design suggestions based on prosthodontic design principles for comparison and reflection. Pre\u2010 and post\u2010intervention questionnaires containing Likert\u2010type items and open\u2010ended questions were administered using Qualtrics. Quantitative data were analyzed using non\u2010parametric tests, Wilcoxon signed\u2010rank test was used to assess pre\u2010 and post\u2010survey differences within participants, while the Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      test was used to compare post\u2010survey responses between Dentistry and Dental Technology and Prosthetics students and between clinical\u2010based and laboratory\u2010based student groups. Analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS. Qualitative responses from the open\u2010ended questions were reviewed and grouped into four thematic categories to identify recurring perspectives and experiences related to the use of the AI\u2010assisted RPD design tool.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Students showed significant improvements in confidence and understanding following use of the AI tool. Items related to the tool's effectiveness, design experience, and visualization received positive ratings, with median scores of 4 (interquartile range [IQR] 3\u20134), 4 (IQR 4\u20134), and 4 (IQR 4\u20135), respectively. Willingness to use AI and perceived helpfulness remained stable, likely due to high baseline attitudes. Qualitative findings supported the quantitative results, with participants highlighting the tool's value for visualizing RPD frameworks and guiding design decisions, while also identifying usability challenges and limitations in design flexibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicate that the AI\u2010supported tool contributed positively to RPD design learning by enhancing student confidence and conceptual understanding. While it does not replace manual or clinical skill development, the tool shows clear potential as a complementary educational resource that helps bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application. Further research involving larger cohorts is recommended to confirm and expand upon these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.70395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:37:05Z","timestamp":1791286625000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence (AI)\u2010Supported Removable Partial Denture Design Tools in Dental Education"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4435-0424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shixin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8857-6340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lavanya A.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6390-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12983"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Designing Removable Partial Denture Among Interns and Dental Students; Dental Schools in Benghazi\u2216Libya","volume":"3","author":"Almasalati S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomaterials Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415\u2010024\u20107893\u20107"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.17159\/sadj.v78i10.17387","article-title":"A Simplified and Evidence\u2010Informed Approach to Designing Removable Partial Dentures. Part 3. The Biomechanical Basis of Retention","volume":"78","author":"Owen C. P.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25301\/JPDA.293.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0118742106277123231123065534"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12537"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13085004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12040104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis6060092"},{"issue":"946676","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: A Narrative Review of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications","volume":"31","author":"Gao S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medical Science Monitor"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.105648"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2186\/jpr.JPR_D_23_00073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.13225"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eje.12906"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909\u2010025\u201006703\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/eb\u20102017\u2010102699"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.4dfb.8dfd"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Analyzing Awareness and Knowledge of Artificial Intelligences Potential Application in Prosthodontics and Clinical Dentistry","volume":"16","author":"Alhmadi S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Libyan Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17159\/2519\u20100105\/2022\/v77no8a1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enhancing Digital Workflows for Removable Partial Dentures: A Novel Diagnostic Surveyor and Designer","volume":"35","author":"Mahrous A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Prosthodontics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Dental Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jdd.70395","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jdd.70395","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jdd.70395","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:37:07Z","timestamp":1791286627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jdd.70395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jdd.70395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jdd.70395","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0337","1930-7837"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0337","type":"print"},{"value":"1930-7837","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jdd.70395"}}