{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T12:43:32Z","timestamp":1792413812125,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dental Education"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Anatomy education is fundamental to competent and reliable dental practice, yet effective strategies to enhance learning and long\u2010term retention remain debated. Regular formative assessment may support learning through several mechanisms, including retrieval practice, repeated exposure to course content, and more distributed studying, but its impact in oral macroscopic anatomy education remains insufficiently explored.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This study compared four cohorts of second\u2010year dental students at the University of Oslo (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n = 205). Two cohorts received the standard teaching without interim assessments (no\u2010regular\u2010testing group;\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 101), while two cohorts received the same teaching and additionally completed three mandatory formative assessments during a 6\u2010week anatomy module (regular\u2010testing group;\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 104). All students completed an identical 150\u2010task test immediately after the teaching period and a cumulative practical examination four weeks later. Performance across anatomical domains was analyzed using generalized linear mixed\u2010effects models.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The regular\u2010testing group demonstrated significantly higher performance on the 150\u2010task post\u2010teaching test across all domains (overall score: 71.8%\u00a0vs. 53.6%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), with the largest gains observed in myology and neurology. At the final examination 4 weeks later, descriptive performance remained generally higher in the regular\u2010testing group across most tasks and anatomical domains, although the substantial initial performance advantage had diminished.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Regular formative assessment was associated with substantially improved short\u2010term performance in dental anatomy education. Although the initial advantage diminished over time, mean performance remained generally higher in the regular\u2010testing group at the final examination. These findings support regular formative assessment as a potentially valuable component of anatomy education, while the contribution of retrieval practice cannot be separated from other mechanisms associated with repeated mandatory assessment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdd.70407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T12:02:52Z","timestamp":1792411372000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regular Testing to Enhance Learning Outcomes in Macroscopic Anatomy in Dental Education"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Anna Tostrup","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Institute of Oral Biology University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noora Helene","family":"Thune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Institute of Oral Biology University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qalbi","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Institute of Oral Biology University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Inland Norway University of Applied Science Elverum Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tor Paaske","family":"Utheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Institute of Oral Biology University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo Lewi","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology, Art and Design Department of Computer Science Oslo Metropolitan University Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amer","family":"Sehic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry Institute of Oral Biology University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022\u20100337.2003.67.3.tb03635.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909\u2010016\u20100825\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1519"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098\u20102353(1996)9:1<57::AID\u2010CA12>3.0.CO;2\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2010.536276"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100612453266"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00122.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.14\u201011\u20100208"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chp.21293"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459\u2010008\u20109101\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2071"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1346"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S192053"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2023.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102923.2008.03124.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xap0000123"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109280.2008.02209.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1666983","article-title":"Planning Education for Long\u2010Term Retention: The Cognitive Science and Implementation of Retrieval Practice","volume":"38","author":"Larsen D. 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