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The use of opiate in pregnant women affects their children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of morphine consumption during pregnancy and lactation on vulnerability to neonatal HI in rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Female Wistar rats were randomly assigned into two groups: Group 1\u2010Rats that did not receive any treatment during pregnancy and lactation and Group 2\u2010Rats that received morphine during pregnancy and lactation. After delivery, male offspring were divided into four groups including: (a) SHAM, (b) SHAM\/Morphine (SHAM\/MO), (c) HI, (d) HI\/Morphine (HI\/MO). Seven days after HI induction, neurobehavioral tests were performed, and then, brain tissue was taken from the skull to measure cerebral edema, infarct volume, inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and BDNF levels in the HI\/MO group were significantly lower than HI and SHAM groups. TNF\u2010\u03b1, C\u2010reactive protein and total oxidant capacity levels in the HI\/MO group were significantly higher than HI and SHAM groups. Cerebral edema and infarct volume in the HI\/MO group were significantly higher than the HI group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on the results, morphine consumption during pregnancy and lactation enhanced the deleterious effects of HI injury in pups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,25]],"date-time":"2020-01-25T03:55:10Z","timestamp":1579924510000},"page":"96-105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Morphine consumption during pregnancy exacerbates neonatal hypoxia\u2010ischemia injury in rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0389-827X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morad","family":"Bornavard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology School of Medicine Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1345-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamed","family":"Fanaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pregnancy Health Research Center Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0449-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Mirshekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology School of Medicine Clinical Immunology Research Center Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7111-9653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Farajian Mashhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Research Center Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5877-3696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Atashpanjeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English Language School of Medicine Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2017.11.013"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"876","article-title":"Glutamate induces the formation of free radicals in rat brain synaptosomes","volume":"54","author":"Alekseenko A. 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