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Given the critical role for the principle neuroimmune cell, microglia, in maintaining synaptic form and function, microglial dysfunction in the cerebellum may be an important mechanism underlying the aberrant cerebellar connectivity observed in rodent models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Using an established rodent model of alcohol exposure during human third\u2010trimester fetal development, we examine the cerebellum of male and female Long Evans rats to determine the impact of early postnatal alcohol exposure on cerebellar microglia, and the potential therapeutic effects of an adolescent intervention consisting of voluntary exercise (running). All cerebelli were examined at postnatal day 42 (i.e., late adolescence), and microglia were labeled with Iba1, a microglia\u2010specific protein. Early postnatal alcohol exposure caused an increase in microglial density throughout cerebellum and a reduction in cerebellar volume, and a reduction in the proportion of fully ramified (often called \u201cresting state\u201d) microglia selective to lobules 1\u20134. In contrast, adolescent exercise decreased microglial density throughout cerebellum and increased cerebellar volume, while activating microglia (as indicated by increases in amoeboid microglia, and reductions in fully and partially ramified microglia) selectively in lobules 1\u20134. These results suggest that adolescent exercise may be a suitable intervention to ameliorate alcohol\u2010induced neuroimmune dysfunction as it alters microglia density and cerebellar volume in opposite to the effects of developmental alcohol exposure. Importantly, exercise intervention can be flexibly implemented well after the time window of vulnerability to alcohol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]],"date-time":"2020-07-18T10:49:44Z","timestamp":1595069384000},"page":"558-571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Postnatal alcohol exposure and adolescent exercise have opposite effects on cerebellar microglia in rat"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9221-0376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary H.","family":"Gursky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological &amp; Brain Sciences University of Delaware Newark DE USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia R.","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological &amp; Brain Sciences University of Delaware Newark DE USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0626-8385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Y.","family":"Klintsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological &amp; Brain Sciences University of Delaware Newark DE USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"526","article-title":"Treadmill exercise ameliorates symptoms of Alzheimer disease through suppressing microglial activation\u2010induced apoptosis in rats Journal of Exercise","volume":"12","author":"Baek S.\u2010S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2006.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23753"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.03.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12639"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","volume-title":"An R companion to applied regression","author":"Fox J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"Prenatal alcohol exposure and the developing immune system","volume":"37","author":"Gauthier T. 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