{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:22:34Z","timestamp":1771460554235,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004847","name":"Zahedan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is reported that opium consumption during pregnancy is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and neurodevelopmental defects in infants. BDNF and NGF alterations during pregnancy cause neurobehavioral deficits in the offspring. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of opium addiction of pregnant women on BDNF and NGF levels in maternal and umbilical cord blood as well as pregnancy outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present research was a cross\u2010sectional study. Thirty\u2010five addicted pregnant women and 35 healthy pregnant women were included in the study. Blood samples were taken immediately after delivery from the maternal vein and umbilical cord. Then, BDNF and NGF concentrations in serum were measured by ELISA kits. The outcomes of pregnancy were determined by a checklist. Descriptive, <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> test, Mann\u2013Whitney, and Chi\u2010squared test were used to analyze the data. SPSS version 21 software was used for the analyses. A <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value &lt;.05 was considered significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>BDNF levels were significantly lower in maternal and umbilical cord blood in the opium\u2010addicted group (917.2 31 \u00b1 316.5 and 784.6 \u00b1 242.9 pg\/ml, respectively) compared to the control group (1351 \u00b1 375 and 1063 \u00b1 341 pg\/ml, respectively) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.0001 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.0002, respectively). Similarly, NGF level was significantly lower in maternal and umbilical cord blood in the opium\u2010addicted group (302.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a035.50 and 226.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a045.43 pg\/ml, respectively) compared to the control group (345.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a043.16 and 251.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a037.72 pg\/ml, respectively) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.0001 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.0165, respectively).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Adverse pregnancy outcomes such as NICU admissions, congenital anomalies, neonatal deaths, meconium contaminated amniotic fluid, respiratory problems, neonatal resuscitation, and low Apgar score were significantly higher in the opium\u2010addicted group than in the control group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this study revealed that opium consumption during pregnancy reduces BDNF and NGF levels in maternal and umbilical cord blood, which may cause neurodevelopmental disorders in later periods of infants' life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T21:35:28Z","timestamp":1596317728000},"page":"594-600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord blood of opium\u2010addicted mothers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1345-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamed","family":"Fanaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pregnancy Health Research Center Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran"},{"name":"Department of Physiology School of Medicine Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan 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