{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:17:47Z","timestamp":1790619467369,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81871076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2017LH038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2017LH038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There may be immunologic alternations during Tourette syndrome (TS) development. This study aimed to determine the immune function changes in different aspects (spleen or thymus index, plasma cytokines, and T cell) in an 3,3\u2032\u2010iminodipropionitrile (IDPN)\u2010induced rat model of TS. Male Sprague\u2010Dawley rats were assigned to control and TS groups. The control group received intraperitoneal infections of normal saline (5\u00a0ml\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), and the TS rats were injected with IDPN (150\u00a0mg\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). The spleen and thymus indices were calculated. The expression of anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory cytokines TNF\u2010\u03b1, in peripheral blood were measured by ELISA and Western blotting. The proportion of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, Treg, Th1, and Th2 cells were determined by fluorescence\u2010activated cell sorting analysis. After 1\u00a0week of IDPN treatment, TS rats had decreased spleen and thymus weights versus control. The plasma levels of IL\u20104, IL\u201010, IL\u201012, IFN\u2010\u03b3, and TNF\u2010\u03b1 were significantly increased, while no significant difference in TGF\u2010\u03b2 was found. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that TS rats had significantly reduced CD3+\u00a0and CD4+\u00a0cells in spleen, without any change in the proportion of CD8+\u00a0cells. Furthermore, the ratio of Treg cells (CD4+\/CD25+\/FoxP3+) was decreased in TS rats; simultaneously, Th1 cells (CD4+\/IFN\u2010\u03b3+) and Th2 cells (CD4+\/IL4+) were dramatically increased. Together, IDPN can trigger immune dysfunction through impairment of matured Th cells, in particular for the Treg subset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T11:53:26Z","timestamp":1609329206000},"page":"159-166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Immune function changes of the IDPN\u2010induced Tourette syndrome rat model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9119-7827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiumei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Care Center Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children\u2019s Hospital Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Department Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children\u2019s Hospital Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aihua","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Brain Science Research Institute Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Weifang Medical School Weifang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"155932581985223","article-title":"Time\u2010course evaluation of iminodipropionitrile\u2010induced liver and kidney toxicities in rats: A biochemical, molecular and histopathological study","volume":"17","author":"Alwelaie M. 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