{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T13:50:22Z","timestamp":1787579422622,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010724","name":"Amasya \u00dcniversitesi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FMB\u2010BAP 19\u20100424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FMB\u2010BAP 19\u20100424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010724","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Social isolation (SI) early in life produces behavioral and cognitive abnormalities. On the contrary, environmental enrichment (EE) offers beneficial effects on brain plasticity and development. This study was designed to examine how EE affects memory functions, anxiety level, and the expression levels of memory\/anxiety\u2010related genes such as NR2A, NR2B, BDNF, and cFos in the hippocampus of socially isolated rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wistar albino male rats (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200940) were separated into the five groups: Standard cage (SC), SI, EE, SI\u2009+\u2009SC, and SI\u2009+\u2009EE group. For each group, eight rats were housed, either grouped or isolated, in a standard or 3\u2010week EE, respectively. Morris water maze test (MWMT) was used for measuring the learning and memory function. Elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) were used for the evaluation of anxiety behavior. Blood corticosterone level was evaluated by the ELISA method. The expression levels of genes were measured by the RT\u2010PCR method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results showed that EE increased memory performance in the SI group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). SI caused anxiety while EE improved anxiety behavior (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). There was no significant difference between the groups in the OF test. Corticosterone levels did not change between groups. BDNF expression level was downregulated in EE and SI\u2009+\u2009SC compared with the SC group (respectively; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.011). NR2A, NR2B, and cFos expression levels did not change between groups significantly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>SI impaired memory performance while EE has beneficial effects on memory in socially isolated rats. EE alone was insufficient to cause alterations in the memory performance. The therapeutic effects of EE became strengthened while applied together with stress protocol. Together with improving the effectiveness of memory function, EE has the potential to decrease anxiety behavior. EE seemed to be the reason for decreasing in BDNF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T21:13:57Z","timestamp":1655759637000},"page":"499-512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Environmental enrichment as a strategy: Attenuates the anxiety and memory impairment in social isolation stress"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3533-7941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seval","family":"Keloglan Musuroglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine Adiyaman University  Adiyaman Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7917-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duygu Murat","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwifery Department, Faculty of Health Sciences Amasya University  Amasya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leyla","family":"Sahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine Mersin University  Mersin Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozge Selin","family":"Cevik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine Mersin University  Mersin Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenan","family":"Cevik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine Mersin University  Mersin Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240439"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0091-3057(00)00360-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/2920"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2003.0049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.09.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-0173(01)00067-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15017"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"The effect of social isolation stress on learning in male juvenile rats","volume":"14","author":"Durmus L.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Health Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"R14","article-title":"Both genetic and environmental changes can enhance learning and memory","volume":"15","author":"Flinn J. 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