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It also induces depression\u2010like behaviors and has negative consequences for learning and memory in offspring. Interaction between mothers and pups has a crucial effect on the mammal's development. Maternal separation (MS) can originate behavioral and neuropsychiatric abnormalities later in life. It seems that adolescents are more susceptible to the effects of early\u2010life stress; Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic morphine consumption (21\u2009days before and after mating and gestation) and MS (180\u2009min\/day from postnatal day [PND] 1\u201321) on the cognitive and behavioral performance of male offspring in mid\u2010adolescence. Six groups, including control, MS, V (vehicle), morphine, V+MS, and morphine+MS, were tested for open field (OF), novel object recognition (NOR), and the Morris water maze (MWM). The results of the OF test showed that MS increased locomotor activity and movement velocity. Inner and outer zone durations did not differ among groups. The body stretching of the morphine+MS rats was significantly more than the MS rats. Moreover, the MS and morphine+MS groups showed significantly less sniffing behavior in the OF test. The MS group showed deficits in spatial learning in the MWM test, but recognition memory in the NOR and spatial memory in the MWM tests were not significantly different among groups. We concluded that MS could induce impairments in spatial learning and locomotor activity that could be worsened by maternal morphine exposure in adolescent male rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T07:21:22Z","timestamp":1676532082000},"page":"235-247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chronic morphine exposure and maternal separation induce impairments in cognition and locomotor activity of male adolescent rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8422-7194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maysam","family":"Fadaei\u2010kenarsary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5349-9285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khadijeh","family":"Esmaeilpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2082-5849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7590-1696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Joushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4321-6103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Sheibani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113621"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00794"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(03)00005-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113545"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Azadfard M.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1982.tb09165.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073874"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0143-21.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.825522"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(03)00116-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0093-18.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1308.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"Effects of maternal separation on nicotine\u2010induced conditioned place preference and later spatial learning and memory function in adolescent male rats","volume":"8","author":"Delavari F.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction and Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(02)00794-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05450-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"The effects of prenatal morphine exposure on spatial learning","volume":"11","author":"Esmaeili M. 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