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Refractory epilepsy affects 15 million people worldwide, and it is thought that cortical developmental disorders are responsible for 25% of childhood cases. However, little is known about the epidemiology of these disorders, nor are their aetiologies fully understood, though many are associated with sporadic genetic mutations.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In this review, we aim to highlight X\u2010linked NMDs including lissencephaly, periventricular nodular heterotopia and polymicrogyria because of their mostly familial inheritance pattern. We focus on the most prominent genes responsible: including <jats:italic>DCX<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ARX<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>FLNA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>FMR1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>L1CAM<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>SRPX2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>DDX3X<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>NSHDL<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CUL4B<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>OFD1<\/jats:italic>, outlining what is known about their prevalence among NMDs, and the underlying pathophysiology. X\u2010linked disorders are important to recognise clinically, as females often have milder phenotypes. Consequently, there is a greater chance they survive to reproductive age and risk passing the mutations down. Effective genetic screening is important to prevent and treat these conditions, and for this, we need to know gene mutations and have a clear understanding of the function of the genes involved. This review summarises the knowledge base and provides clear direction for future work by both scientists and clinicians alike.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T01:59:47Z","timestamp":1691978387000},"page":"581-599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["X\u2010linked neuronal migration disorders: Gender differences and insights for genetic screening"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9154-9423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliet","family":"Edey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Payam","family":"Soleimani\u2010Nouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Dawson\u2010Kavanagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhamad Saad","family":"Imran Azeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasso","family":"Episkopou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2003.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000042091.90361.D2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2020.101369"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2009.01331.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws323"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00993.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-018-0655-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr531"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000152874.57180.AF"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds261"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"Chen M. 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