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The relationship between toxoplasmosis and cognitive disorders in neurodegenerative diseases has been proven. There is also evidence that children born to Toxoplasma\u2010infected mothers are more likely to develop autism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the present study, <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected pregnant BALB\/c mice were given valproic acid to induce autism in their male offspring, and their social behaviors, learning, and memory were examined. Chronic toxoplasmosis was established in BALB\/c mice by intraperitoneal injection of cyst form of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>. To induce autism, 600\u2009mg\/kg of valproic acid was injected intraperitoneally into mice on the 12.5th day of pregnancy. The behavioral experiments, such as social interaction, novel object recognition, and passive avoidance tasks, were performed on male offspring at 50\u2009days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic> and valproic acid during the embryonic period caused social communication deficits and disrupted recognition memory and avoidance memory in offspring. Our findings showed that administering valproic acid to Toxoplasma\u2010infected mothers exacerbates cognitive disorders in their offspring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T08:05:07Z","timestamp":1699949107000},"page":"64-74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Aggravation of cognitive impairments in the valproic acid\u2010induced animal model of autism in BALB\/c mice infected with <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Saeed","family":"Sheikhshoaee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5361-4466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farahnaz","family":"Taheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khadijeh","family":"Esmaeilpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology Kerman University of Medical Sciences  Kerman Iran"},{"name":"Physics and Astronomy department University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3314-7271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nima","family":"Firouzeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector\u2010Borne Diseases Research Center North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences  Bojnurd Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeid Reza Nourollahi","family":"Fard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman  Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.858685"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01307-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00621.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn0911-1217e"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13121579"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000324523"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3927"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2011.00109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00489"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijpa.v18i2.13188"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijpa.v16i4.7863"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001785"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2018016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.20537"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2017.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00490"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034819"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.009928"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110356"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020183"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2009.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2010.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250525"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106539"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","first-page":"972","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder: Primary care principles","volume":"94","author":"Sanchack K. 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