{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:31:17Z","timestamp":1787988677915,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]],"date-time":"2024-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016286","name":"Urmia University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mother's thyroid hormone status during gestation and the first few months after delivery can play a crucial role in maturation during the brain development of the child. Transient abnormalities in thyroid function at birth indicate developmental and cognitive disorders in adulthood. Choline supplementation during gestation and the perinatal period in rats causes long\u2010lasting memory improvement in the offspring. However, it remains unclear whether choline is able to restore the deficits in rats with maternal hypothyroidism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of choline supplementation on the alteration of cognitive\u2010behavioral function, long\u2010term potentiation (LTP), and morphological changes as well as apoptosis in pre\u2010pubertal offspring rats. To induce hypothyroidism, 6\u2010propyl\u20102\u2010thiouracil was added to the drinking water from the 6th day of gestation to the 21st postnatal day (PND). Choline treatment was started twice a day on the first day of the gestation until PND 21 via gavage. LTP recording and Morris water maze (MWM) test were conducted at PND 28. Then, the rats were sacrificed to assess their brains. The results revealed that developmental thyroid hormone deficiency impaired spatial learning and memory and reduced LTP (both: <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Choline treatment alleviated LTP (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), as well as learning and memory deficits (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) in both male and female hypothyroid rats. However, no significant changes were observed in the number of caspase\u20103 stained cells in choline\u2010receiving hypothyroid groups. The results revealed that developmental thyroid hormone deficiency impaired spatial learning and memory and reduced LTP. Choline treatment alleviated LTP, as well as learning and memory deficits in both male and female hypothyroid rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T01:04:31Z","timestamp":1707095071000},"page":"109-121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The effects of choline supplementation in mothers with hypothyroidism on the alteration of cognitive\u2013behavioral, long\u2010term potentiation, morphology, and apoptosis in the hippocampus of pre\u2010pubertal offspring rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Siamak","family":"Sheikhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine Urmia University of Medical Sciences  Urmia Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razieh","family":"Aghazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Urmia University of Medical Sciences  Urmia Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hojjat","family":"Sayyadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non\u2010Communicable Diseases Research Center Ilam University of Medical Sciences  Ilam Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bagher","family":"Pourheydar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute Urmia University of Medical Sciences  Urmia Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4777-4751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Saboory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center Zanjan University of Medical Sciences  Zanjan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute Urmia University of Medical Sciences  Urmia Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7044-0835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leila","family":"Derafshpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute Urmia University of Medical Sciences  Urmia Iran"},{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute  Ottawa Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"70","article-title":"Developmental thyroid diseases and cholinergic imbalance","volume":"3","author":"Ahmed R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Research Studies in Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/105072501750159633"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901580105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0424"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.83345"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6867732"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000520"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"1484","article-title":"Administration of phosphatidylcholine increases brain acetylcholine concentration and improves memory in mice with dementia","volume":"125","author":"Chung S.\u2010Y.","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Interactive effects of exercise, sex hormones, and transient congenital hypothyroidism on long\u2010term potentiation in hippocampal slices of rat offspring","volume":"10","author":"Derafshpour L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061731"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.11.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381071a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7270.2005.00108.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bne0000080"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"2851","article-title":"Choline distribution and metabolism in pregnant rats and fetuses are influenced by the choline content of the maternal diet","volume":"125","author":"Garner S. 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