{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:23:23Z","timestamp":1787739803399,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Executive function is a high\u2010level set of cognitive processes related to goal\u2010directed behaviors including two conceptual subtypes of hot (emotional) and cold (cognitive) executive function (to abbreviate EF). EF deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) leads to significant social impairments in the home, school, and community. Today the type and the extent of executive function defects in ADHD are still debated in studies. We aimed to evaluate hot and cold executive function among medication\u2010naive children with ADHD, with and without oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010five children including suffering ADHD with ODD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200915), without ODD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200915), or typically developed (TD, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200915) participated in this cross\u2010sectional study (the age of children was between 7 and 12\u2009years old). The Child Symptom Inventory\u20104 (CSI\u20104) was used to screen behavioral and emotional symptoms. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2010Revised\u2010Digit Span Task (WAIS\u2010R\u2010DST), Corsi Block Task (CBT), and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were used for assessing cold executive function. Assessing hot executive function was done with Delay Discounting Task (DDT) and Iowa Gambling Task (IGT).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evaluating the cold executive function, total WAIS\u2010R\u2010DST score, Backward DST, total CBT score, and Backward CBT were significantly lower among ADHD than TD groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.05). Assessing the hot executive function showed that the score of DDT and IGT was significantly lower among ADHD than TD groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both hot and cold executive functions are defective in children with ADHD, while the comorbid of ODD has no significant effect. We suggest the clinicians to consider cognitive rehabilitation interventions as a necessary treatment modality for ADHD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T07:24:34Z","timestamp":1717485874000},"page":"446-453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hot and cold executive function among pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without coexisting oppositional defiant disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2743-8657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasim","family":"Kamalahmadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Science  Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Clinical Research Development Unit of Imam Reza Hospital North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences  Bojnurd Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3601-6824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Moharrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Science  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7228-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atefeh","family":"Soltanifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Science  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeedeh Hajebi","family":"Khaniki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences University of Nevada  Las Vegas Nevada USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Health Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6251-0191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Mohaddes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Science  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2011-7196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghazaleh","family":"Noorbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Science  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8976-322X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razie","family":"Salehabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Science  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617715000752"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90018-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5304.1293"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10349120500510024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2989\/17280583.2011.634545"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"Conners C. 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