{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T05:00:32Z","timestamp":1780722032195,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The role of propionic acid (PPA) in eliciting behaviors analogous to autism in rat models is a documented phenomenon. This study examines the therapeutic implications of pentoxifylline\u2014an agent traditionally used for peripheral vascular diseases\u2014on these autism\u2010like behaviors by modulating brain proteins and reducing pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1) in a rat model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research involved 30 male <jats:italic>Wistar albino<\/jats:italic> rats, which were divided into three distinct groups: a baseline control set, a PPA\u2010treated cluster receiving a 250\u2009mg\/kg\/day dose of PPA via intraperitoneal injection for a span of five days followed by saline orally, and a PPA group administered an oral dose of pentoxifylline at 300\u2009mg\/kg\/day over 15\u2009days. Subsequent to the treatment phase, euthanasia was carried out for the extraction of brain and blood samples, which were then analyzed for histopathological and biochemical markers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pentoxifylline\u2010treated subjects demonstrated a significant mitigation in the manifestation of autistic\u2010like behaviors, as assessed through a triad of social interaction tests. A noteworthy decline in TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels was observed, alongside a significant rise in the concentration of adenosine triphosphate and nerve growth factor in brain tissue (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Histopathological analysis underscored a reduction in oxidative stress and a significant preservation of neuronal cell types, specifically pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pentoxifylline treatment has been found to effectively reduce the behavioral symptoms associated with autism, as well as biochemical and histopathological disruptions induced by PPA in rat models, highlighting its potential as a neurotherapeutic agent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T10:54:22Z","timestamp":1731149662000},"page":"991-1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Therapeutic effects of pentoxifylline in propionic acid\u2010induced autism symptoms in rat models: 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