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We model this SLD and\/or ADHD construct in the rat via the signalled\u2010licking\/avoidance\u2010of\u2010punishment protocol (SLAP): We aim to study to assess rats' ability to merge two independently learned notions (one Pavlovian and one instrumental) and their deliberate exploitation. Rats were tested in Skinner boxes with a water\u2010dispenser and lickometer. The \u2018Flash\u2019 paradigm consists of 30\u2010min daily sessions, in which 5\u2010min safe phases (i.e., sound and light off, signalled free\u2010drinking) are intertwined by 1\u2010min unsafe phases (i.e., sound and light on). If subjects drink during unsafe phases, a mild footshock is released: Rats learn to withhold drinking. The \u2018Allow\u2019 paradigm starts and stays in the unsafe phase. Rats can shift to a 2\u2010min safe phase through a single nose poke in the active\u2010hole. The possibility to exert control over the environment, via seeking dark\u2010and\u2010silence (the predictive contingencies) as deliberate goal, is an unexplored construct in rats. In data from the \u2018Flash\u2019 paradigm, a greater number of licks\/h during safe phases is confirming that rats easily understand classical passive\u2010avoidance contingencies. Findings from the \u2018Allow\u2019 paradigm indicate increased inefficacious nose pokes\/h during safe phases, compared to unsafe ones. This is clearly suggesting that rats associate the change of phase with an outcome of their own input into the active nose\u2010poking device. However, rats do not understand the \u2018potential\u2019 for instrumental exploitation of their nose pokes. As such, no significant inferences were drawn across the two independent associative notions. Neurobiology of this putative \u2018insight\u2019 capability may rely on limbic\u2010striatal\u2010cortical networks. Impairments in the latter may be involved in deficits of prospective memory (in ADHD), and\/or impairments in logic skills (in SLD). The SLAP protocol may offer insights on basic neurobiology as well as modulatory effects thereon of pharmacological molecules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.70028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T06:00:36Z","timestamp":1752127236000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Signalled Licking\/Avoidance of Punishment (SLAP) Paradigm in Rats: Capacity for Insight Between Goal Conditioning and Signalling Contingencies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Concetto","family":"Puzzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Telematic University Uninettuno  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Department of Economic, Psychological and Communication Sciences Niccol\u00f2 Cusano University  Rome 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