{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T14:54:32Z","timestamp":1782312872860,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and specific learning disorder (SLD) are neurodevelopmental conditions, and cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) is a related symptom construct that frequently co\u2010occurs in clinical settings, complicating differential diagnosis and intervention planning. The present study aimed to compare cognitive profiles, CDS symptoms and clinical\/academic functioning among children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and\/or SLD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This cross\u2010sectional study included 96 children and adolescents aged 6\u201316\u2009years who were evaluated at a tertiary child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic. Participants were classified into three groups: ADHD\u2010only (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200945), SLD\u2010only (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200915) and comorbid ADHD+SLD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200936). Cognitive functioning was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2010Revised (WISC\u2010R). Clinical and functional characteristics were evaluated using the Barkley Child Attention Scale, Turgay's ADHD Rating Scale, the Specific Learning Disorder Evaluation Scale and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No statistically significant differences were found among groups in WISC\u2010R Full Scale, Verbal, or Performance scores, nor in subtest mean scores (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Similarly, CDS symptom levels and CDS positivity rates did not differ significantly between groups. In contrast, the ADHD\u2009+\u2009SLD group exhibited significantly higher levels of inattention, oppositional defiant symptoms, peer problems and total difficulties compared with the other groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Regarding academic functioning, the comorbid group demonstrated the most pronounced impairments in reading\u2013writing skills, organization, sequencing and study habits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although cognitive profiles were comparable, children diagnosed with comorbid ADHD+SLD exhibited more pronounced impairments in learning\u2010related domains and psychosocial functioning. In clinical practice, priority should be given to comprehensive functional assessments, and comorbid cases should be managed using an integrated approach encompassing academic, behavioural and social interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.70109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T11:10:33Z","timestamp":1773141033000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["ADHD With and Without Comorbid Specific Learning Disorder: Comparisons of WISC\u2010R Profiles, Cognitive Disengagement and Psychiatric Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0419-3252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seda","family":"Bozduman\u00a0\u00c7elebi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Health Sciences, Ba\u015fak\u015fehir \u00c7am and Sakura City Hospital  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3389-7734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hande","family":"K\u0131r\u0131\u015fman\u00a0Kele\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Health Sciences, Ba\u015fak\u015fehir \u00c7am and Sakura City Hospital  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5298-9913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"Topal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Health Sciences, Ba\u015fak\u015fehir \u00c7am and Sakura City Hospital  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0162-4574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00fclya","family":"Binokay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics \u00c7ukurova University School of Medicine  Adana Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Assessment of Psychiatric Comorbidity and WISC\u2010R Profiles in Cases Diagnosed With Specific Learning Disorder According to DSM\u20105 Criteria","volume":"55","author":"Araz Altay M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Noro Psikiyatri Arsivi"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Aslam S. P.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2012.734259"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","volume-title":"Barkley Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Scale: Children and Adolescents (BSCTS\u2010CA)","author":"Barkley R. A.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17826\/cumj.345012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0001517"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054708320401"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.14123"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-021-00810-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"Dikkat eksikli\u011fi hiperaktivite bozuklu\u011fu ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 davran\u0131m bozukluklar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir test bataryas\u0131 geli\u015ftirme \u00e7abas\u0131","volume":"8","author":"Ercan E. S.","year":"2001","journal-title":"\u00c7ocuk Ve Gen\u00e7 Ruh Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","volume-title":"\u00d6\u011frenme bozuklu\u011fu ve dikkat eksikli\u011fi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 hareketlilik bozuklu\u011fu olgular\u0131n\u0131n n\u00f6ropsikolojik ve n\u00f6rofizyolojik y\u00f6ntem ile incelenmesi [T\u0131pta uzmanl\u0131k tezi]","author":"Erman \u00d6.","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"WISC\u2010R Profiles of Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Comparative Study","volume":"18","author":"Evin\u00e7 S. G.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Turk Psikiyatri Derg Turk J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5350\/DAJPN2018310306"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2021.2007097"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"G\u00fc\u00e7ler ve G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler Anketi'nin (GGA) T\u00fcrk\u00e7e uyarlamas\u0131n\u0131n psikometrik \u00f6zellikleri","volume":"15","author":"G\u00fcvenir T.","year":"2008","journal-title":"T\u00fcrk Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2025.2565430"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-021-09926-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2022.0081"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000641"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","volume-title":"6\u201311 ya\u015f ilkokul \u00e7ocuklar\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcl \u00f6\u011frenme bozuklu\u011fu ve tan\u0131 y\u00f6ntemleri [Doktora tezi]","author":"Korkmazlar \u00dc.","year":"1992"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.21134\/rpcna.2026.13.1.2","article-title":"Thirty Years of ADHD and WISC in Scientific Research: A Systematic Review of Cognitive Profile and Index Discrepancies","volume":"13","author":"Lavigne\u2010Cerv\u00e1n R.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Revista de Psicolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica con Ni\u00f1os y Adolescentes"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2021.1970735"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00463-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15091279"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","volume-title":"Wechsler \u00c7ocuklar \u0130\u00e7in Zeka \u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fi uygulama kitap\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131","author":"Sava\u015f\u0131r \u0130.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_564_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054718804347"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2024.2323647"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2023.2185215"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_1","volume-title":"Disruptive Behavior Disorders Child and Adolescent Screening and Rating Scales for Children, Adolescents, Parents and Teachers","author":"Turgay A.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-023-00277-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2010.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2701_3"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jdn.70109","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jdn.70109","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jdn.70109","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T06:48:09Z","timestamp":1777013289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jdn.70109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jdn.70109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jdn.70109","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-5748","1873-474X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-5748","type":"print"},{"value":"1873-474X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70109"}}